Extra spindle pole bodies-like 1 (ESPL1), a cysteine endopeptidase, plays a vital role in chromosome inheritance. However, the association of ESPL1 with prognosis and immune infiltration in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) has not yet been explored. Here, we analyzed the expression level, prognostic values, diagnostic value, and immune infiltration level in LUAD using various databases. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays were used to detect the expression of ESPL1 in LUAD tissues and cell lines. In this study, we found that ESPL1 was upregulated in LUAD and a higher expression of ESPL1 was correlated with unfavorable prognosis in LUAD. Meanwhile, Cox hazard regression analysis results suggested that ESPL1 may be an independent prognostic factor for LUAD. Moreover, we demonstrated that ESPL1 expression was significantly correlated with immune infiltration of Th2 and dendritic cells in LUAD. We also confirmed that DNA copy number amplification and DNA hypo-methylation were positively correlated with ESPL1 expression in LUAD. Additionally, DNA copy number amplification was significantly associated with adverse clinical outcomes in LUAD. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) confirmed that ESPL1 was mainly involved in the DNA replication and glycolysis signaling pathway. Finally, we revealed that ESPL1 was highly expressed in LUAD tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of ESPL1 significantly inhibited cell migration and the invasion abilities of LUAD. Our study comprehensively confirmed that ESPL1 expression may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker for both the clinical outcome and immune cell infiltration in LUAD.
This paper proposes that the scope of research should be extended to the whole clinker calcination system from its single device or specific process (i.e., its functional subunits) as conventionally conducted. Mass/heat flow and effective heat were first analyzed to obtain the thermal efficiencies of its subunits (φi); a thermal efficiency model of the whole system φQY was thus established by correlating the relationship between φi and φQY. The thermal efficiency model of the whole system showed that φi had a positive linear correlation with φQY; it was found that the thermal efficiency of the decomposition and clinker calcination unit (φDC) had the greatest weight on φQY, where a 1% increase in φDC led to a 1.73% increase in φQY—improving φDC was shown to be the most effective way to improve φQY. In this paper, the developed thermal efficiency model was applied to one 5000 MT/D production line. It was found that its φQY was only 61.70%—about 2.35% lower than a representative line; such decrease was caused by its low φDC and φP which, as disclosed by model, were derived from the low decomposition rate of calcium carbonate in preheated meal put into a calciner and the high excess air coefficient of secondary air. Controlled parameter optimization of this 5000 MT/D production line was then carried out. As a result, the φDC and φP of the production line were increased from 30.03% and 64.61% to 30.69% and 65.69%, respectively; the φQY increased from 61.70% to 62.55%; the clinker output of the production line increased from 5799 MT/D to 5968 MT/D; the heat consumption of clinker was reduced from 3286.98 kJ/kg·cl to 3252.41 kJ/kg·cl.
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