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Magnetic contamination of the drilling fluid may contribute significantly to errors in directional surveying of wellbores. Such contaminations shield the field measured by the magnetic sensors in measurement-while-drilling (MWD) directional tools. The resulting error often exceeds typical sensor uncertainties, and so, the accuracy of the inferred wellbore position is severely degraded. Although the magnetic interference can be reduced by careful attention to procedures for transport, pumping, and handling of drilling fluids and their associated additives, the problem has not yet been eliminated.To understand the magnetic shielding effect in a well-defined setting, we have initiated a series of laboratory measurements where magnetic material of known properties are added to a well-defined nonmagnetic drilling fluid, and the resulting magnetic shielding is measured with a fluxgate magnetometer immersed in the fluid.In our experiments, powdered magnetite was added to a mixture of xanthan gum in water to obtain a mixture of nominal magnetic susceptibility typical of drilling fluids containing metal from pipe wear and erosion. Immediately after stirring, the vertical component of the Earth's magnetic field inside the liquid was measured and found to be significantly damped. Without touching the system, the field was subsequently logged. It was found to continue to decay for the next hour or so, reaching a fairly sharp minimum. The magnetic field then started to increase slowly and irregularly again over the next few days.This observed time dependency of the magnetic shielding is so far unknown to the surveying industry. The effect, combined with analysis of directional data, can explain errors encountered in directional surveying. Recommendations for how to minimize such errors are presented.

Experimental investigations were carried out to study the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the characteristics, structure and total heavy metal contents of sewage sludge biochar (SSB). The changes in chemical forms of the heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd) caused by pyrolysis were analyzed, and the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in biochar (SSB) was evaluated. The conversion of sewage sludge into biochar by pyrolysis reduced the H/C and O/C ratios considerably, resulting in stronger carbonization and a higher degree of aromatic condensation in biochar. Measurement results showed that the pH and specific surface area of biochar increased as the pyrolysis temperature increased. It was found that elements Zn, Cu, Cr and Ni were enriched and confined in biochar SSB with increasing pyrolysis temperature from 300–700 °C; however, the residual rates of Pb and Cd in biochar SSB decreased significantly when the temperature was increased from 600 °C to 700 °C. Measurement with the BCR sequential extraction method revealed that the pyrolysis of sewage sludge at a suitable temperature transferred its bioavailable/degradable heavy metals into a more stable oxidizable/residual form in biochar SSB. Toxicity of heavy metals in biochar SSB could be reduced about four times if sewage sludge was pyrolyzed at a proper temperature; heavy metals confined in sludge SSB pyrolyzed at about 600 °C could be assessed as being low in ecological toxicity.

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The magnetic property of the drilling fluid is one of the substantial error sources for the determination of azimuth while drilling deviated wells. These errors may be in the range of 1-200m if drilling long, deviated intermediate sections. Therefore, these effects represent a significant cost to be mitigated. The error becomes even more pronounced if drilling occurs in arctic regions close to the magnetic North pole. Added clays, weight materials and the tubular wear are anticipated to distort the geomagnetic field at the location of the magnetometers. The effect on the magnetometer readings is obviously linked to the amount of magnetic material in the drilling fluid. The problem has been studied both by laboratory experiments and analyses of downhole survey data. However, there are several inconsistencies in the results, and the phenomenon is not fully understood.In the following it is shown how the magnetic distortion relates to some drilling fluid additives. A series of experiments have been conducted to increase the understanding of the effects. First, a series of experiments showed that presence of free iron ions do not contribute to magnetic distortion. Next, a series of experiments with bentonite-based fluids were conducted, showing the effect of bentonite on magnetic shielding. Measurements on a series of clean, laboratory made oil-based drilling fluids showed that the magnetic shielding did not increase by the addition of organophilic hectorite clays. Finally, eroded steel from an offshore drilling location was added into the oil-based drilling fluid. These swarf and steel fines significantly increased the magnetic shielding of the drilling fluid. This paper also outlines how much the drilling direction may be distorted by the presence of these additives and contaminants.

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