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Isobutene is an important intermediate in the pyrolysis and oxidation of higher-order branched alkanes, and it is also a component of commercial gasolines. To better understand its combustion characteristics, a series of ignition delay time (IDT) and laminar flame speed (LFS) measurements have been performed. In addition, flow reactor speciation data recorded for the pyrolysis and oxidation of isobutene is also reported. Predictions of an updated kinetic model described herein are compared with each of these data sets, as well as with existing jet-stirred reactor (JSR) species measurements.IDTs of isobutene oxidation were measured in four different shock tubes and in two rapid compression machines (RCMs) under conditions of relevance to practical combustors. The combination of shock tube and RCM data greatly expands the range of available validation data for isobutene oxidation models to pressures of 50 atm and temperatures in the range 666-1715 K. Isobutene flame speeds were measured experimentally at 1 atm and at unburned gas temperatures of 298-398 K over a wide range of equivalence ratios. For the flame speed results, there was good agreement between different facilities and the current model in the fuel-rich region.Ab initio chemical kinetics calculations were carried out to calculate rate constants for important reactions such as H-atom abstraction by hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals and the decomposition of 2-methylallyl radicals.A comprehensive chemical kinetic mechanism has been developed to describe the combustion of isobutene and is validated by comparison to the presently considered experimental measurements. Important reactions, highlighted via flux and sensitivity analyses, include: (a) hydrogen atom abstraction from isobutene by hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals, and molecular oxygen; (b) radical-radical recombination reactions, including 2-methylallyl radical self-recombination, the recombination of 2-methylallyl radicals with hydroperoxyl radicals; and the recombination of 2-methylallyl radicals with methyl radicals; (c) addition reactions, including hydrogen atom and 2 hydroxyl radical addition to isobutene; and (d) 2-methylallyl radical decomposition reactions. The current mechanism accurately predicts the IDT and LFS measurements presented in this study, as well as the JSR and flow reactor speciation data already available in the literature.The differences in low-temperature chemistry between alkanes and alkenes are also highlighted in this work. In normal alkanes, the fuel radical Ṙ adds to molecular oxygen forming alkylperoxyl (RȮ 2 ) radicals followed by isomerization and chain branching reactions which promote low-temperature fuel reactivity. However, in alkenes, because of the relatively shallow well (~20 kcal mol -1 ) for RȮ 2 formation compared to ~35 kcal mol -1 in alkanes, the Ṙ + O 2 ⇌ RȮ 2 equilibrium lies more to the left favoring Ṙ + O 2 rather than RȮ 2 radical stabilization. Based on this work, and related studies of allylic systems, it is apparent that reactivity fo...

Rate constants of hydrogen‐atom abstraction from n‐butanol by the HȮ2 radical have been calculated. Conventional transition state theory employing rigid‐rotor harmonic‐oscillator approximations for all but the torsional degrees of freedom is used with tight transition states. The Pitzer–Gwinn‐like approximation using Fourier fits to internal rotations was applied to determine the one‐dimensional hindered potentials. Asymmetric Eckart barriers were used to model tunneling in one‐dimensional through saddle points. Activation entropies for all of the reaction channels have been determined. Hydrogen bonds formed in the transition states lead to ring structures, which lower the energy barrier and thus an increase in the rate constant for abstraction. Conversely, entropy is lost when the ring structure is formed and this decreases the frequency factor for abstraction; therefore, both of these effect influence the rate constants in opposite ways. Abstraction of an α hydrogen atom is dominant throughout the whole temperature range, and the branching ratio decreases from 96.1% at 500 K to 46.6% at 2000 K. As the carbon chain lengthens, the influence from the OH group lessens and hence δ hydrogens behave in a similar fashion to primary H‐atoms in n‐butane. The estimated uncertainty for the individual rate constants is a factor of 2.5. Computed total, kt, and individual rate constants, based on the CCSD(T)/cc‐pVTZ//MP2/6‐311G(d,p) potential energy surface, in the temperature range of 500–2000 K for n‐butanol + HȮ2 are reported as follows (cm3 mol−1 s−1): © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 155–164, 2012

Herein, a systematic rate coefficients calculation of the hydrogen atom abstraction reactions of esters (methyl ethanoate, methyl propanoate, methyl butanoate, methyl pentanoate, methyl isobutyrate, ethyl ethanoate, propyl ethanoate and iso-propyl ethanoate) with the hydroperoxyl radical (HȮ 2 ) has been performed. The Møller-Plesset (MP2) method and the 6-311G(d,p) basis set have been used in order to optimize and calculate the frequencies of all of the species involved in the title reactions. MP2/6-311G(d,p) was used to determine the hindrance potentials for the reactants and transition states. The connection between each transition state and the corresponding local minima was validated by intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations. Electronic energies for all of the species are reported, in kcal mol −1 , using the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ level of theory with the corresponding zero-point energy corrections. The CCSD(T)/CBS (extrapolated from CCSD(T)/cc-pVXZ, where X = D, T, Q) was calculated for the reactions of methyl ethanoate + HȮ 2 radicals as a benchmark in the electronic energy calculations. High-pressure limit rate coefficients were determined with the use of the conventional transition state theory with corrections for the asymmetric Eckart tunneling for all of the reaction channels in this study from 500-2000 K. In both reactants and transition states, the 1-D hindered rotor approximation has been used in order to calculate the low frequency torsional modes. The calculated individual, average and total rate coefficients are reported for all of the reaction channels in every reaction system in this work. A branching ratio analysis for every reaction site has also been investigated for all of the esters studied in this work.

A theoretical study is presented of the mechanism and kinetics of the reactions of the hydroxyl radical with three ketones: dimethyl (DMK), ethylmethyl (EMK) and iso-propylmethyl (iPMK) ketones. CCSD(T) values extrapolated to the basis set limit are used to benchmark the computationally less expensive methods G3 and G3MP2BH&H, for the DMK + OH reaction system. These latter methods are then used in computations involving the reactions of the larger ketones. All possible abstraction channels have been modeled. A stepwise mechanism involving the formation of a reactant complex in the entrance channel and a product complex in the exit channel has been recognized in part of the abstracting processes. High-pressure limit rate constants of the title reactions have been calculated in the temperature range of 500-2000 K using the Variflex code including Eckart tunneling corrections. Variable reaction coordinate transition state theory (VRC-TST) has been used for the rate constants of the barrier-less entrance channel. Calculated total rate constants (cm(3) mol(-1) s(-1)) are reported as follows: k(DMK) = 1.32 × 10(2)×T(3.30)exp(503/T), k(EMK) = 3.84 × 10(1)×T(3.51)exp(1515/T), k(iPMK) = 2.08 × 10(1)×T(3.58)exp(2161/T). Group rate constants (on a per H atom basis) for different carbon sites in title reactions have also been provided.

Recently, enols have been found to be the common intermediates in hydrocarbon combustion flames (Taatjes et al. Science 2005, 308, 1887), but the knowledge of kinetic properties for such species in combustion flames is rare. Therefore in this work, particular attention is paid to the formation of enols in combustion flames. Starting with HO and propene (CH(3)CH=CH(2)), the reaction mechanism involving eight product channels has been investigated systematically. It is revealed that the electrophilic addition of OH to the double bond of CH(3)CH=CH(2) is unselective and the chemically activated adducts, CH(3)CHOH=CH(2) and CH(3)CH=CH(2)OH, may undergo dissociation in competition with H-abstractions. The kinetics and product branching ratios of the HO and propene reaction have been evaluated in the temperature range of 200-3000 K by Variflex code, based on the weak collision master equation/microcanonical variational RRKM theory. Available experimental kinetic data can be quantitatively reproduced by this study, with a minor adjustment (1.0 kcal/mol) of the OH central addition barrier. From the theoretical calculations with multiple reflection correction included, the total rate constant is fitted to k(t) = 6.07 x 10(-5)T(-2.54) exp(108/T) cm(3) x molecule(-1) x s(-1) in the range of 200-800 K and k(t) = 7.11 x 10(-23)T(3.38) exp(-1097/T) cm(3) x molecule(-1) x s(-1) in the range of 800-3000 K, which are in close agreement with experimental data. The branching ratios of enol channels are consistent with the observation in low-pressure flames and hence the reaction mechanisms presented here provide valuable descriptions of enol formations in hydrocarbon combustion chemistry.

Nesprins-1 and -2 are highly expressed in skeletal and cardiac muscle and together with SUN (Sad1p/UNC84)-domain containing proteins and lamin A/C form the LInker of Nucleoskeleton-and-Cytoskeleton (LINC) bridging complex at the nuclear envelope (NE). Mutations in nesprin-1/2 have previously been found in patients with autosomal dominant Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD) as well as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). In this study, three novel rare variants (R8272Q, S8381C and N8406K) in the C-terminus of the SYNE1 gene (nesprin-1) were identified in seven DCM patients by mutation screening. Expression of these mutants caused nuclear morphology defects and reduced lamin A/C and SUN2 staining at the NE. GST pull-down indicated that nesprin-1/lamin/SUN interactions were disrupted. Nesprin-1 mutations were also associated with augmented activation of the ERK pathway in vitro and in hearts in vivo. During C2C12 muscle cell differentiation, nesprin-1 levels are increased concomitantly with kinesin light chain (KLC-1/2) and immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down showed that these proteins interacted via a recently identified LEWD domain in the C-terminus of nesprin-1. Expression of nesprin-1 mutants in C2C12 cells caused defects in myoblast differentiation and fusion associated with dysregulation of myogenic transcription factors and disruption of the nesprin-1 and KLC-1/2 interaction at the outer nuclear membrane. Expression of nesprin-1α2 WT and mutants in zebrafish embryos caused heart developmental defects that varied in severity. These findings support a role for nesprin-1 in myogenesis and muscle disease, and uncover a novel mechanism whereby disruption of the LINC complex may contribute to the pathogenesis of DCM.