“…In recent years, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes in association with combustion, heat transfer and emission predictions are becoming more frequently used by combustion equipment designers (Fiveland and Latham, 1993;Weber et al, 1995;Boyd and Kent, 1986;Lockwood et al, 1988;Fiveland and Wessel, 1988;Carvalho and Coelho, 1991;Azevedo et al, 1994;Xu et al, 1998;Costa et al, 1991;Lockwood and Shah, 1981;Coimbra et al, 1994;Yuan et al, 1995;Xu et al, 1996;Coelho and Carvalho, 1993;Xu et al, 1999;Bundschuh et al, 1999;Chudnovsky et al, 1999). With the fast development of computer hardware, the mathematical modelling methodology is now feasible and becoming a new engineering tool ideal for evaluating design options, and it may be further used to assess the effect of boiler operational changes.…”