В статье представлены результаты двухлетних исследований по изучению влияния внекорневых подкормок гуминовым препаратом нового поколения GSN-2004 HUMILIFEтм (ОСН-2004) на урожай и качество винограда столового сорта Мускат янтарный и технического сорта Каберне-Совиньон в условиях Южного берега Крыма. По результатам исследований 2017-2018 гг. установлено, что внекорневые подкормки изучаемым препаратом разработанной нормой 4 л/га, способствуют увеличению урожайности винограда сорта Мускат янтарный в среднем на 23,9%, при этом повышение урожайности составляет 2,7 т/га. Урожайность винограда сорта Каберне-Совиньон увеличивается на 26,5%, при этом повышение урожайности составляет 2,2 т/га. Подтверждено положительное влияние внекорневых подкормок на показатели качества винограда сорта Мускат янтарный, которое выразилось в увеличении средней массы грозди у изучаемого сорта на 40,3%, увеличении массовой концентрации сахаров в соке ягод на 5,4% и увеличении значений глюкоацидометрического показателя (ГАП) на 15,6%. Положительное влияние внекорневых подкормок на показатели качества винограда сорта Каберне-Совиньон выразилось в увеличении средней массы грозди на 23,0% и увеличении массовой концентрации сахаров в соке ягод на 7,1%.The paper summarizes findings of a two-year study on the impact of foliar fertilizing with a new generation humic preparation GSN-2004 HUMILIFEтм (ОСН-2004) on the harvest and quality of ‘Muscat Yantarniy’ table grapes and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ wine grapes in the conditions of the southern coast of Crimea. The data of the 2017-2018 study established that foliar dressing with the preparation under study in the ratio of 4 l/ha increases the harvest of ‘Muscat Yantarniy’ grapes on average by 23.9%, or by 2 t/ha. The yield of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes was increased by 26.5%, thus increasing the harvest by 2.2 t/ha. The positive impact of foliar dressing on quality indicators of ‘Muscat Yantarniy’ grapes was confirmed. Thus, the average cluster weight increased by 40.3%, total sugars in the berry juice increased by 5.4 %, and gluco-acidometric index increased by 158.06 %. The study confirmed the positive effect of foliar dressing on quality characteristics of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes, as demonstrated by a 23% increase in the average cluster weight and a 7.1 % increase in the total sugars in the berry juice.
In 2018-2019, grape leaf samples with symptoms of yellowing (reddening) and leaf rolling collected from grapevines of different regions of Crimea were tested for the presence of phytoplasma using the “nested”PCR with primer pairs P1/16S-Sr and R16F2n/R16R2. Phytoplasmas were detected in 91% grape samples of 2018 and 46% samples of 2019. Genotyping performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for three genes: ribosomal (16S rRNA), the tuf gene encoding the elongation factor EF-Tu, and the vmp1 gene encoding a membrane protein, showed that the phytoplasmas isolated from all samples were related to the species Candidatus Phytoplasma solani, type “b”. Polymorphism was observed only for the vmp1 gene. The electrophoretic profiles of grape phytoplasma of 2018 (‘Chardonnay’ variety) differed from those of grape phytoplasma of 2019 (‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Verdelho’ varieties), as well as from the profiles published in well-known works, which indicates the genetic diversity.
The effectiveness of phytophagous insect control systems depends on the accuracy of the chosen method of monitoring their numbers and the available information on the dynamics of the population number. As part of the automation of the processes of collecting and analyzing data on the biological activity of pheromone preparations of the phytophage of grapes Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff., the method of counting the number of pest butterflies on the glue inserts of pheromone traps has been improved by the use of digital cameras and MCView software. According to the validation results, it was found that, relative to the actual data, the improved method ensured the accuracy of counting butterflies at a density of 45-321 imago/insert at an average of 99.1%, which exceeded the results of counting by the traditional visual method by an average of 5%. It is shown that partial method automation made it possible to reduce the influence of a particular researcher, as a subjective factor, on the experiment results. An increase in the time required for counting butterflies by the improved method relative to the visual method by an average of 30% was noted. The presented method of quantitative evaluation of the results of pheromone monitoring in vineyards is a transitional stage to the full automation of this information collection and analysis. For this purpose, to date, photosets have been collected containing more than 1000 photos of glue inserts of pheromone traps with captured butterflies and training of a convolutional neural network has begun designed to detect and quantify such grape lepidopteran phytophages as Lobesia botrana, Helicoverpa armigera Hbn., Theresimima ampelophaga Bayl. (Insecta: Lepidoptera).
The article presents the results of studies, carried out in 2018-2020 in soil and climatic conditions of viticultural zone of the South Coast of Crimea on wine grape variety ‘Cabernet-Sauvignon’. It was established that double application of national chelated micronutrient fertilizers Tiaton and Chelaton Extra for foliar dressing of grapes contributed to an increase in the average bunch weight by 9.3-15.3 g (10.3-16.9%), shoot productivity by 10.4-17.1% and cropping power by 0.6-1 t/ha (10-16.7%) in comparison with the control. It was experimentally determined that test treatments with Chelaton Extra preparation led to a significant increase in the average length of annual shoots by 13.3 cm (9.3%) and a gain in the green matter of bushes by 265.9 cm3 (12%). Using of the studied micronutrient fertilizers against the background of increased grape productivity positively influenced the process of sugar accumulation and ensured the value component at the control level. The studies have proven that double treatment with Chelaton Extra fertilizer contributed to an increase in the mass concentration of phenolic substances in wine by 10.7%.
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