Introduction. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was announced by WHO in February 2020. In the Khabarovsk Krai, the first three cases of the disease were diagnosed on March 19, 2020, these cases were imported from Argentina (transit through Italy). The epidemic process of COVID-19 in the Khabarovsk Krai is characterized by a slow increase in the incidence. During the period of time when the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence study was conducted the incidence rates varied from 35.9 to 39.1 per 100 thousand population. Within the next 5 weeks the incidence continued to increase, the maximum level was 67.3 per 100 thousand population. A statistically significant decrease in the incidence is noted in the first decade of August. The study of the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among residents of the region was carried out from June 9 to June 21, 2020 during the period of increasing intensity of the epidemic process of COVID-19 infection.Aim. To determine the level and structure of herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 virus among the population of the Khabarovsk Krai during the period of intensive spread of COVID-19.Materials and methods. The study was conducted as a part of the first stage of a large-scale Rospotrebnadzor project to assess the herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 virus among the population of the Russian Federation, taking into consideration the protocol recommended by WHO. The selection of volunteers for the study was carried out by the method of questionnaires and randomization by random sampling. The results of a survey of 2675 individuals were included into analysis. The number of volunteers in all age groups was similar.Results. The results of the study showed that the herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in the total population of the Khabarovsk Krai was 19.6%. The maximum level of herd immunity was observed in children 14–17 years old (34.4%), children 7–13 years old (24.8%), and people over 70 years (22.6%). The highest level of seropositivity, except for the children and the elderly, was found among educational workers (26.7%). The lowest level of seropositivity was found in the military (8.7%) and the unemployed (8.3%). There were no statistically significant differences in the level of seroprevalence between men and women.Conclusions. The results of the seroepidemiological study demonstrated that in the Khabarovsk Krai, the presence of the contacts with COVID-19 patients is associated with the 1.4-fold increase in the likelihood of the seroconversion. Antibodies were detected in 58.9% of the past COVID-19 cases. In individuals with the previous positive PCR test result, antibodies were detected in 50% of cases. A high rate of asymptomatic infection, up to 93.7%, was observed among seropositive volunteers.
Introduction. There is still an urgent need in viticulture for studying the effect of tank mixtures of pesticides and bioactive substances on Vitis vinifera and, therefore, the quality and composition of wine. We aimed to study the effect of NanoKremny (silicon fertilizer) treatment of the grapevine on the productivity and quality of grape harvest, as well as the quality of dry wines. Study objects and methods. Grape varieties from three vineyards in Crimea and the wines produced from them. We applied standard methods used in viticulture, plant protection, and oenological practice. Organic acids and volatile components in grapes and wines were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Results and discussion. We found that the most effective use of NanoKremny was threefold at 0.15 L/ha during the periods of active growth and formation of vegetative and generative organs in grapevines. It had a positive effect on vegetative development, water balance, productivity of grape plants, as well as yield quality and quantity. Also, NanoKremny decreased the development of mildew and oidium diseases, preserved the content of titratable acids in grapes during their ripening, as well as accumulated phenolic compounds, tartaric and malic acids in grape berries. Conclusion. We found no negative effect of NanoKremny treatment of the grapevine on the physicochemical parameters and sensory characteristics of wines. Thus, this preparation can be used as a bioorganic additive in viticulture.
С целью моделирования будущих сценариев развития милдью и оидиума винограда в условиях изменения климата установлены основные закономерности сезонной и многолетней (1987-2018 гг.) динамики развития данных заболеваний на виноградниках Крыма. Многолетняя динамика милдью в ампелоценозах Юго-западной зоны виноградарства свидетельствует о непрерывности и неравномерности развития болезни по годам с высокой зависимостью (r=0,73-0,8) от количества осадков в период с мая по август. Оидиум на виноградниках Южного берега Крыма развивается непрерывно, относительно постоянно и в средней степени зависит от относительной влажности воздуха в мае (r=0,52). Сезонные динамики эпифитотического процесса милдью определяются гидротермическими условиями и сильно варьируют по годам; для оидиума установлено относительное постоянство данного процесса и смещение начала развития болезни на более ранние сроки, что обусловлено климатическими изменениями.To simulate future scenarios of mildew and oidium progression on vines in a changing climate, major patterns have been established for seasonal and long-term (1987-2018) dynamics of the diseases in the vineyards of Crimea. The multi-year mildew dynamics in the ampelocenoses of the southwestern viticultural zone demonstrate continuity and uneven progression of the disease by years with a high rainfall dependence (r = 0.73-0.8) between May and August. Oidium in the vineyards of the South Coast has been evolving continuously and relatively constantly; it moderately depends on relative air humidity in May (r=0.52). The seasonal dynamics of the epiphytotic mildew process is governed by hydrothermal conditions, and vary greatly by years; for oidium, a relative continuity of the process and a shift in the onset of the disease to earlier periods were established, which is caused by climate change.
Currently plant protection undergoes a period of active digitalization, which effects the most diverse aspects of its activity and involves the formation of phytosanitary databases, electronic detectors, the use of digital intelligence (creation and training of neural networks), software development, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, automatic agrometeorological stations, etc., and in general, the creation of decision -making support systems. The development of information databases is the first and very important stage in the creation of a decision-making system, which allows tracking long-term and seasonal changes in the structure of biota of agrocenoses with the necessary reliability, predicting phytosanitary risks, developing adaptive systems of protection, as well as promptly and reasonably making adjustments to them. In 2015-2019 on fruit-bearing industrial plantations of primary viticultural zones of the Crimea – the Southern Coast, Mountain-Valley, South-West and Central Steppe zones, the study of structures of entomo-, acaro- and pathocomplexes of grapes was carried out. Vineyards of wine and table cultivars typical for each region were selected for observations. The development of more than 20 fungal and bacterial diseases, affecting the above-ground and underground organs of grape plants was confirmed. We obtained new data on zonal features of formation and changing of pathocomplexes of Crimean ampelocenoses, their structure, different pathogen frequency index values and the intensity of damage to the vegetative and generative organs of grape plants. Thus, we accumulated the material for the formation of information database on the structure of zonal pathocomplexes of Crimean ampelocenoses. Basing on the results of study of the structure of zonal complexes of arthropod pests of grapevine, the information database "The structure of entomoacarocomplexes of ampelocenosis phytophages of primary zones of the Crimean viticulture" (AAAA-G20-620051990003-5) was developed and contained the annotated list of 55 species of phytophages of grapes. The database includes data on the comparative characteristics of zonal complexes of ampelocenosis phytophages of the Crimea in terms of species abundance, taxonomic and ecological characteristics, as well as the frequency of occurrence of the species studied.
При ежегодном распространении и развитии ранее незначимых болезней, актуальным остается своевременный мониторинг и совершенствование защитных мероприятий на виноградных насаждениях Крыма. Цель исследований заключалась в уточнении возбудителя, его диагностических признаков; изучении особенностей развития и вредоносности альтернариоза на виноградниках Крыма; определении оптимальных сроков проведения фунгицидных обработок для эффективного контроля его развития на растениях винограда. Исследования проводились в 2018-2020 гг. на виноградных насаждениях предприятий Юго-западной зоны виноградарства Крыма, а также в лаборатории защиты растений Института «Магарач» согласно общепринятым в отечественной и международной практике методам и методикам. Полученные результаты показывают усиление интенсивности развития и вредоносности альтернариоза на ослабленных растениях винограда при неблагоприятных метеоусловиях (повышенная инсоляция, высокие температуры воздуха, низкая относительная влажность и почвенная засуха). В условиях Крыма выделены наиболее поражаемые альтернариозом сорта винограда - Алиготе, Шардоне, Ркацители, Каберне-Совиньон, Саперави и Бастардо магарачский. В серии полевых экспериментов определены сроки применения фунгицидов в защите от заболевания. Показана высокая биологическая эффективность (74,7-84,3 %) и более продолжительный период контроля за развитием заболевания при профилактическом применении фунгицидов, начиная с фенологической фазы «конец цветения». Полученные результаты исследований будут использованы при разработке регламентов фитосанитарного мониторинга и контроля альтернариоза винограда. With the annual distribution and development of previously insignificant diseases, timely monitoring and improving of protection measures on grape plantings of Crimea remains relevant. The goal of the research was to specify the pathogen and its diagnostic features; studying the peculiarities of development and injuriousness of Alternaria blight in the vineyards of Crimea; determining the optimal timelines of fungicide treatments for effective control of its development on grape plants. The studies were carried out in 2018-2020 on grape plantings of enterprises situated in the South-West viticultural zone of Crimea, as well as in the Plant Protection Laboratory of the Institute Magarach according to the methods and techniques generally accepted in national and international practices. The obtained results show an increase in the intensity of development and injuriousness of Alternariosis on fragile grape plants under unfavorable meteorological conditions (increased solar radiation, high air temperature, low relative humidity and soil drought). In the conditions of Crimea, the most sensitive to Alternaria blight grape varieties are: ‘Aligote’, ‘Chardonnay’, ‘Rkatsiteli’, ‘Cabernet-Sauvignon’, ‘Saperavi’ and ‘Bastardo Magarachskiy’. In a series of field experiments, the timelines of using fungicides in protection against disease were determined. High biological efficiency (74.7-84.3%) and a longer period of control over the disease progress with preventive use of fungicides, starting from the phenological phase “end of flowering”, have been shown. The obtained research results will be used in the development of regulations for phytosanitary monitoring and control of grape Alternariosis.
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