We analyzed 55 primary salivary gland tumors including 22 mucoepidermoid carcinomas (MECs) to determine the association of MECT1/TORC1/CRTC1-MAML2 fusion transcript to tumor types, level of MEC differentiation and clinicopathologic parameters. Our primary salivary gland tumors were composed of 22 MECs, 11 Warthin's tumors, 10 adenoid cystic carcinomas, two basaloid carcinomas, five salivary duct carcinomas, and five adenocarcinomas, not otherwise specified. We also included, for the first time, three primary MECs of the thyroid gland. We used nested RT-PCR and subsequent sequencing techniques for detection and verification of the fusion transcript in fresh and archival specimens. Eighteen (81%) of the 22 primary salivary and one of the three thyroid glands with MEC were positive for the fusion transcript. The transcript was detected equally in low, intermediate and high grade as well as low and high stage MECs. Significant correlation between fusion negative tumors and distant metastasis was noted (P = 0.005). Four (36%) of the 11 Warthin's tumors were also positive for the transcript. None of the 22 primary non-MEC gland salivary carcinomas were positive for the transcript. We conclude that the CRTC1/MAML2 transcript may be detected in both low and high grade MEC, that fusion negative tumors may define a subset of biologically aggressive MEC's tumors, that the fusion is present in primary MECs of the thyroid gland and is also detectable in Warthin's tumor, and that a subset of MECs can be targeted for therapeutic intervention.

Accurate early diagnosis of poorly differentiated tumors of the sinonasal and skull-base sites is critical to modern multimodality management of patients with these tumors. A combined phenotypic and sequential biomarkers approach of a large retrospective cohort of these tumors led to the reclassification of some cases and the confirmation of uncertain diagnoses in others. An integrated algorithm of selected markers and phenotypic features for biopsy-based diagnosis of these tumors is presented and discussed. Primary poorly differentiated (small round and non-small) sinonasal neoplasms comprise histogenetically and biologically diverse entities with overlapping morphologic features. Because of the limited initial biopsy tissue materials, differential diagnostic difficulties may arise and complicate timely management of some cases. We employed immunohistochemical and molecular marker analyses in a large cohort of these tumors to optimize their early diagnosis and classification. Fifty-two tumors of the skull base and sinonasal regions and, for comparison, 19 poorly differentiated neoplasms of other head and neck sites were analyzed by a panel of immunohistochemical markers including those of epithelial, mesenchymal, melanocytic, and neuroectodermal origin using tissue microarray. RT-PCR analysis of mRNA for EWS-FLI1 and PAX-FKHR fusion transcripts and the hASH1 gene was performed on 24 of the 52 sinonasal tumors and the 19 tumors of other sites for comparison. The immunohistochemical results substantiated the phenotypic assessment and the initial diagnosis in 49 of the 52 tumors. In four instances the integrated markers and phenotypic analyses led to reclassification of three tumors and confirmed the histogenesis of a mesenchymal tumor with aberrant cytokeratin expression. Molecular analysis of the EWS-FLI1 fusion gene transcript revealed four (9.3%) of the 43 tumors to be positive; all were Ewing’s sarcomas. The hASH1 gene transcript was identified in 10 (23.8%) of 42 tumors: three of six neuroblastomas, all four neuroendocrine carcinomas, and one each in sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and melanoma. The PAX-FKHR fusion transcript was not detected in any tumors. We conclude that 1) an integrated morphologic and biomarker algorithm may better optimize the early diagnosis of poorly differentiated sinonasal and skull-base tumors; 2) molecular analysis may assist in future biological stratification of certain classes of these tumors; and 3) the hASH1 gene transcript is a nonspecific marker for the diagnosis of neuroblastoma.

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This is the first study to explore and quantify longterm QOL and voice quality in children following LTR with thyroid ala graft at a very young age. Most patients had very good functional voice outcome as evidenced by the HUI3 and PVRQOL scores. This was corroborated by acoustic and perceptual voice assessments.

Sleep-disordered breathing is common in children with cardiomyopathy. In our present study, 24% of participants exhibited primarily central sleep apnea. The severity of cardiac dysfunction, as measured by left ventricular end diastolic volume index and left ventricular end systolic volume index, is associated with central sleep apnea. Longitudinal research is necessary to better characterize sleep disorders and their impact on cardiac function in a large pediatric cardiomyopathy population.

Otologic complaints are among the most common causes of medical consultation worldwide, especially in children. Only 5% of medical students at the end of their Clerkship feel that they could consistently perform a reasonable otoscopic examination (Jones et al., Pediatr Res. 2003;53(suppl):95A).

Office-based injection laryngoplasty is a safe procedure with acceptable clinical results in patients with vocal fold paralysis who have a history of radiation therapy to the larynx.

Despite significant improvements in speech after cochlear implantation, abnormalities remain, particularly in frequency variability. Such deviations can present as a decreased expression of emotion in speech and likely reflects decreased auditory frequency resolution provided by the CI. These deficits have been the focus of ongoing work to advance CI technologies and speech-processing strategies.