Abstract. Since 70 % of global forests are managed and forests impact the global carbon cycle and the energy exchange with the overlying atmosphere, forest management has the potential to mitigate climate change. Yet, none of the land-surface models used in Earth system models, and therefore none of today's predictions of future climate, accounts for the interactions between climate and forest management. We addressed this gap in modelling capability by developing and parametrising a version of the ORCHIDEE land-surface model to simulate the biogeochemical and biophysical effects of forest management. The most significant changes between the new branch called ORCHIDEE-CAN (SVN r2290) and the trunk version of ORCHIDEE (SVN r2243) are the allometric-based allocation of carbon to leaf, root, wood, fruit and reserve pools; the transmittance, absorbance and reflectance of radiation within the canopy; and the vertical discretisation of the energy budget calculations. In addition, conceptual changes were introduced towards a better process representation for the interaction of radiation with snow, the hydraulic architecture of plants, the representation of forest management and a numerical solution for the photosynthesis formalism of Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry. For consistency reasons, these changes were extensively linked throughout the code. Parametrisation was revisited after introducing 12 new parameter sets that represent specific tree species or genera rather than a group of often distantly related or even unrelated species, as is the case in widely used plant functional types. Performance of the new model was compared against the trunk and validated against independent spatially explicit data for basal area, tree height, canopy structure, gross primary production (GPP), albedo and evapotranspiration over Europe. For all tested variables, Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. K. Naudts et al.: A vertically discretised canopy description for ORCHIDEEORCHIDEE-CAN outperformed the trunk regarding its ability to reproduce large-scale spatial patterns as well as their inter-annual variability over Europe. Depending on the data stream, ORCHIDEE-CAN had a 67 to 92 % chance to reproduce the spatial and temporal variability of the validation data.

Effective physiological bone integration and absence of bacterial infection are essential for a successful orthopaedic or dental implant. This work elucidated the antibacterial efficacy and cytocompatibility of electroplated Cu(II) and Zn(II) co-substituted hydroxyapatite (HAP) (i.e., ZnCuHAP) coating on commercially pure titanium (Ti-cp). To improve the antibacterial property of pure HAP, Cu 2+ was substituted into its structure.Simultaneously, Zn 2+ is co-substituted as secondary material into CuHAP to offset the potential cytotoxicity of Cu, because elevated Cu concentration is toxic. The as-deposited coatings were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Co-doping of Zn 2+ and Cu 2+ into HAP reduced the porosity, resulting in a denser coating. The Zn 2+ and Cu 2+ ions were homogenously co-deposited into HAP films. Potentiodynamic polarisation test revealed 2 that the ZnCuHAP covered coating provided good barrier characteristics and achieved superior corrosion protection for Ti substrates. The as-prepared ZnCuHAP coating was found to be highly effective against Escherichia coli in vitro. In vitro biocompatibility tests and MTT were employed to assess the cytotoxicity of ZnCuHAP coating with osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. No adverse effect or cytotoxicity on osteoblasts by Zn/Cu addition was observed, revealing that the co-substitution of Zn in CuHAP efficiently offsets the adverse effects of Cu and improves the performance compared with that of pure HAP. 15 comparison with the HAP coating and the control. Antimicrobial results revealed that Cu ions released from ZnCuHAP present a strong bactericidal effect against these organisms (antimicrobial ratio > 95%). This enhancement may be due to the high release of copper in ZnCuHAP in the PBS medium after 24 h incubation (based on the ICP-AES analysis).The antibacterial tests results revealed that pure HAP coating has no antibacterial property.The pure HAP plate showed more colonies than the control sample (Fig. 6). This finding showed that proteins, amino acids, and other organic matter are readily adsorbed on the HAP surface, which could favour adsorption and replication of bacteria on the coating, usually causing implant-related infections [37]. Therefore, endowing antimicrobial properties to HAP is necessary. Several recent studies have introduced antimicrobial activity of materials that involve Cu(II) ions. Du et al. [38] have suggested that chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Cu(II) ions interact with bacterial cell membranes of E. coli, causing structural changes and, eventually, cell death. Nan et al. [39] also suggested that structure of the outer cell membrane responsible for cell permeability is significantly altered for E. coli after contact with antimicrobial stainless steel with Cu(II) ions. This finding indicates that cell walls were badly undermined, and numerous cellular contents are released. Notably, Zn ions released fromZnCuHAP may also exhi...

This work elucidated the corrosion resistance and in vitro bioactivity of electroplated manganese-doped hydroxyapatite (MnHAp) film on NaOH-treated titanium (Ti). The NaOH treatment process was performed on Ti surface to enhance the adhesion of the MnHAp coating on Ti. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the MnHAp coating had needle-like apatite crystals, and the approximately 10 μm thick layer was denser than HAp. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed that the MnHAp crystals were Ca-deficient and the Mn/P molar ratio was 0.048. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of single-phase MnHAp, which was aligned vertically to the substrate. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the presence of phosphate bands ranging from 500 to 650 and 900 to 1,100 cm(-1), and a hydroxyl band at 3,571 cm(-1), which was characteristic of HAp. Bond strength test revealed that adhesion for the MnHAp coating was more enhanced than that of the HAp coating. Potentiodynamic polarisation test showed that the MnHAp-coated surface exhibited superior corrosion resistance over the HAp single-coated surface. Bioactivity test conducted by immersing the coatings in simulated body fluid showed that MnHAp coating can rapidly induce bone-like apatite nucleation and growth. Osteoblast cellular tests revealed that the MnHAp coating was better at improving the in vitro biocompatibility of Ti than the HAp coating.

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The aim of the current research work was to study the physicochemical and biological properties of synthesized zinc doped hydroxyapatite (ZnHAp) nanoparticles with Zn concentrations Zn = 0 (HAp), Zn = 0.07 (7ZnHAp), and Zn = 0.1 (10ZnHAp) for potential use in biological applications. The morphology, size, compositions, and incorporation of zinc into hydroxyapatite were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman scattering, and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). In addition, the cytotoxicity of ZnHAp nanoparticles was tested on both E. coli bacteria and human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2. The results showed that ZnHAp nanoparticles (HAp, 7ZnHAp, and 10ZnHAp) have slightly elongated morphologies with average diameters between 25 nm and 18 nm. On the other hand, a uniform and homogeneous distribution of the constituent elements (calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and oxygen) in the ZnHAp powder was noticed. Besides, FTIR and Raman analyses confirmed the proper hydroxyapatite structure of the synthesized ZnHAp nanoparticles with the signature of phosphate, carbonate, and hydroxyl groups. Moreover, it can be concluded that Zn doping at the tested concentrations is not inducing a specific prokaryote or eukaryote toxicity in HAp compounds.

Abstract. Since 70% of global forests are managed and forests impact the global carbon cycle and the energy exchange with the overlying atmosphere, forest management has the potential to mitigate climate change. Yet, none of the land surface models used in Earth system models, and therefore none of today's predictions of future climate, account for the interactions between climate and forest management. We addressed this gap in modelling capability by developing and parametrizing a version of the land surface model ORCHIDEE to simulate the biogeochemical and biophysical effects of forest management. The most significant changes between the new branch called ORCHIDEE-CAN (SVN r2290) and the trunk version of ORCHIDEE (SVN r2243) are the allometric-based allocation of carbon to leaf, root, wood, fruit and reserve pools; the transmittance, absorbance and reflectance of radiation within the canopy; and the vertical discretisation of the energy budget calculations. In addition, conceptual changes towards a~better process representation occurred for the interaction of radiation with snow, the hydraulic architecture of plants, the representation of forest management and a~numerical solution for the photosynthesis formalism of Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry. For consistency reasons, these changes were extensively linked throughout the code. Parametrization was revisited after introducing twelve new parameter sets that represent specific tree species or genera rather than a group of unrelated species, as is the case in widely used plant functional types. Performance of the new model was compared against the trunk and validated against independent spatially explicit data for basal area, tree height, canopy strucure, GPP, albedo and evapotranspiration over Europe. For all tested variables ORCHIDEE-CAN outperformed the trunk regarding its ability to reproduce large-scale spatial patterns as well as their inter-annual variability over Europe. Depending on the data stream, ORCHIDEE-CAN had a 67 to 92% chance to reproduce the spatial and temporal variability of the validation data.