“…In this sense, electrolytic deposition (ED) has proven to be among the most versatile methods for the synthesis of ion-substituted HAP composite coatings [15,16], with characteristics superior to conventional deposition techniques (low process temperature, low-cost equipment, probability of fabricating onto porous substrates of complicated shapes, and simple control of coating properties). There are several reports on the individual substitution of several ions such as Sr, Mg, Mn, Ag, Zn, Na, and F into HAP coating [17][18][19][20][21][22][23]; however, to the best of our knowledge, there are very limited reports concerning the electrodeposition of Cu 2? -substituted HAP coating on metallic substrate.…”