Background This study aims to investigate the accuracy of a three-dimensional (3D) face reconstruction method based on conventional clinical two-dimensional (2D) photos. Methods Twenty-three patients were included, and Character Creator v3.2 software with the Headshot v1.0 plugin was used for 3D face model reconstruction. Various facial landmarks were finely adjusted manually to refine the models. After preprocessing and repositioning, 3D deviation analysis was performed. The accuracy of the landmarks in different dimensions was determined, and twelve facial soft tissue measurements were compared to validate the clinical potential of the method. Result The reconstructed 3D face models showed good facial morphology with fine texture. The average root mean square errors between face scan models and reconstructed models at perioral area (1.26 ± 0.24 mm, 95%CI: 1.15–1.37 mm) were significantly smaller than the entire facial area (1.77 ± 0.23 mm, 95%CI:1.67–1.88 mm), P < 0.01. The deviation of menton of soft tissue was significantly larger than pronasale (P < 0.01). The deviations of all landmarks in the Y-direction were significantly larger than those in the other 2 dimensions (Y > Z > X, P < 0.01). A significant difference (P < 0.05) of approximately 1.5 mm was found for facial height. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were also identified in the remaining 6 soft tissue measurements, with average deviations no greater than 0.5 mm (linear measurement) or 1.2° (angular measurements). Conclusion A 3D face modeling method based on 2D face photos was revealed and validated. The reconstruction accuracy of this method is clinically acceptable for orthodontic measurement purposes, but narrow clinical indications and labor-intensive operations remain problems.
Background The stability of temporary anchorage devices (TADs) is critical in orthodontic clinics. The failure of TADs is multifactorial, and the role of the oral microbiome has not been clearly defined. Herein, we attempted to analyze the contribution of the oral microbiome to the failure of TADs. Methods Next-generation sequencing was adopted for analyzing the microbiome on the TADs from orthodontic patients. 29 TADs (15 failed TADs and 14 successful TADs) were used for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A total of 135 TADs (62 failed TADs and 73 successful TADs) were collected to conduct metagenomic sequencing. Additionally, 34 verified samples (18 failed TADs and 16 successful TADs) were collected for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis (qRT-PCR). Results Successful and failed TADs demonstrated discrepancies in microbiome structure, composition, and function. Clear separations were found in β-diversity in 16S rRNA gene sequencing as well as metagenomic sequencing (p < 0.05). Metagenomic sequencing showed that Prevotella intermedia, Eikenella corrodens, Parvimonas spp., Neisseria elongata, and Catonella morbi were enriched in the failed groups. qRT-PCR also demonstrated that the absolute bacteria load of Prevotella intermedia was higher in failed TADs (p < 0.05). Considering functional aspects, the failed group showed enriched genes involved in flagellar assembly, bacterial chemotaxis, and oxidative phosphorylation. Conclusions This study illustrated the compositional and functional differences of microorganisms found on successful and failed TADs, indicating that controlling bacterial adhesion on the surface of TADs is essential for their success rate.
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