The results of the study devoted to assessment of accuracy and reliability of the CROPWAT 8.0 software application calculations of the evapotranspiration and crop water requirements are represented in the article.The study was based on the results of the perennial field experiments, conducted during the period from 2012 to 2017 at the irrigated lands of the South of Ukraine with different crops, namely: sweet corn, grain corn, soybean, sorghum. We assessed accuracy of the CROPWAT 8.0 software application by the comparison of the calculated values with the real ones. We determined considerable differences between the calculated crops evapotranspiration values and crops irrigation requirements and the real ones obtained in the field experiments. The difference was the most essential in case of the drip-irrigated sweet corn crop and averaged to 46.05% for evapotranspiration and 89.20% for irrigation water requirements, correspondingly. Overhead sprinkler irrigated crops are likely to be more suitable for accurate evapotranspiration prediction by using the CROPWAT 8.0. The slightest discrepancy between the calculated and actual values of the studied parameters were determined on the overhead sprinkler irrigated grain corn crops, where the differences averaged just to 15.86% for evapotranspiration and 41.63% for irrigation norm. The results of the study gave us an opportunity to conclude that CROPWAT 8.0 software application should not be used without previous calibration and adjustment of the crop coefficients for the concrete agricultural production conditions.
Purpose and objectives. Our purpose was to determine biometric indicators and seed yields of parents of modern domestic maize hybrids belonging to different ripeness groups, grown at various plant densities on drip irrigation in the Southern Steppe and treated with biologicals; to evaluate the relationships between the plant height and the attachment height of the upper (productive) cob with the seed yield in the lines - parents of hybrids. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the experimental field the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of NAAS located in the area of Inhuletkyi irrigation system in 2018–2020. The soil in the experimental site is dark-chestnut, medium loamy, slightly alkalinized, with deep groundwater levels. The design of a three-factor experiment was randomized split blocks, in quadruplicate. The sown plot area was 30.0 m2; the record area was 20.0 m2. Factor A – lines-parents of different ripeness groups: DK 445 (parent of hybrids Arabat, Vira, Hileia), DK 411 (parent of hybrids Chonhar, Lamasan), DK 281 (parent of hybrid Stepovyi), and DK 247 (parent of hybrid Skadovskyi). Factor B – plant density of the parents (70,000, 80,000 and 90,000 plants/ha). Factor C – treatment of the parents with biologicals: Bio-gel and Helafit combi, which are in the Permitted Pesticide Register. Results and discussion. Biometric indicators and seed yield of parental components of modern domestic maize hybrids of different maturity groups, at different plant densities and treatment with biological products on drip irrigation in the Southern Steppe have been established. The relationship between plant height and the height of attachment of the upper (productive) cob with the seed yield of the lines of the parent components of hybrids was determined. Studies have shown that treatment of maize plants with biological products has a positive effect on plant height, height of attachment of the cob and the yield of the parent forms of maize hybrids. Early-maturing line DK 281 (FAO 190) showed the maximum yield at densities of 90 thousand g/ha and treatment with the drug Helafit combi – 3.65 t/ha. The middle-early line DK 247 (FAO 290) showed the maximum yield at densities of 80 thousand g/ha and treatment with Helafit combi – 4.65 t/ha. Mid-late lines DK 445 and DK 411 showed the maximum yield at densities of 70 thousand g/ha and treatment with Helafit combi – 6.30 t/ha and 4.65 t/ha, respectively. Conclusions. Biometric indicators and seed yields of parents of modern domestic maize hybrids of different ripeness groups grown at various plant densities on drip irrigation in the Southern Steppe and treated with biologicals have been determined. The relationships between the plant height and the attachment height of the upper (productive) cob with the seed yields in the lines -parents of hybrids have been established
Aim. The purpose of the research is to determine the manifestation of the feature “seed weight from a plant” (the, parental forms) and hybrids, to establish the level of variability behind the soybean varieties in the F2–F5 hybrid combinations, to determine the effectiveness of selections for productivity in terms of the “seed weight from a plant” indicator from the hybrid populations of the F2–F5. Methods. The field, selection and genetic, calculation and comparative methods of the research were used. The varieties that are different in terms of fecundity and origin, also hybrids F1 and hybrid populations F2–F5 were studied. Selections on the basis of the “seed weight from a plant” were carried out in the F2–F5 populations. Results. It has been established that in soy characteristic “seed mass from a plant” has significant genotypic variability and has significant differences in varieties of different groups of ripeness, which may be a prerequisite for predicting the effective selection for this factorial trait. A high correlation of this trait with seed yield was also established. The proportion of the families from the selections, that were carried out in the F3 populations, exceeded the seed yield standard and was in the range of 28.0–37.5%. In the second generation of hybrids the efficiency of selection was 1.5–2 times lower. Conclusions. The highest yield of high-yielding genotypes, reached by the “seed mass from a plant” indicator was obtained from the F3 populations. To create the new high-yielding soybean varieties with a 3.5–5.5 t/ha yield under irrigation conditions, it is promising to use in the crossings the variety samples which are contrastive by groups of ripeness and genetic pedigree. Keywords: variety, soybean, hybrid, population, yield, irrigation.
Вступ. З початку 2000-х років урожайність зерна кукурудзи в Україні зросла вдвічі. Стрімке зростання врожайності проходить завдяки використанню нових гібридів та вдосконаленню технологій вирощування. Впровадження нових гібридів і своєчасне сортооновлення кукурудзи можливе за достатньої кількості ліній-батьківських компонентів інноваційних гібридів для постачання їх на ділянки гібридизації. Вирощування батьківських компонентів гібридів (ліній) має певні ускладнення у зв"язку з пониженням життєздатності інбредного матеріалу, зниженням стійкості до хвороб та шкідників, що призводить до втрати посівних якостей насіння. Тому розробка технологій прискореного розмноження перспективних ліній кукурудзи та отримання неушкодженого насіння є важливою складовою прискореного сортооновлення.Аналіз літературних джерел, постановка проблеми. Нині все більшої популярності в аграрному виробництві набуває напрям, спрямований на екологічність землеробства. Біологічний метод захисту рослин (biolo-gical control or biocontrol) у його вузькому класичному розумінні є методом боротьби зі шкідниками, бур"янами і хворобами рослин з використанням природних ворогів. Він ґрунтується на природних механізмах («хижак -жертва», «паразит -господар») й активному втручанні людини в процес регуляції та пригнічення шкідників і патогенних організмів [1].Вивчення впливу біопрепаратів з рістрегулюючими властивостями є перспективним та актуальним, особливо в умовах змін клімату. Аналіз літературних даних вказує на те, що застосування біопрепаратів сприяє реалізації закладених в організмі потенційних можливостей, у тому числі певних імунних реакцій, підвищує продуктивність рослин та сприяє реалізації генотипових задатків сортів та гібридів. Питанню широкого використання біоп-
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a species sensitive to the influence of exogenous growth regulators, both in the treatment of vegetative plant tissues and in vitro culture. 1-naphthylacetic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, kinetin, 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), gibberellic acid (GA3), ascorbic acid and nicotinic acid of exogenous origin in the studied concentrations and doses caused a change in the content of cannabinoids in plants of the variety USO 31. Ascorbic acid, auxins and GA3 significantly reduced the content of cannabinoids, whereas nicotinic acid and cytokinins increased it. Under the influence of nicotinic acid and BAP, a higher content of cannabinoid compounds was stably manifested during each of the three years of processing and it is inherited by at least one generation of descendants. An additional method to increase the level of non-psychotropic cannabinoids may be the treatment of vegetative plant tissues with cytokinin BAP (the concentration of 40 mg/l, the consumption rate of 30 ml/m2, the phase of growth and development BBCH 51), which, in contrast to high concentrations of nicotinic acid, significantly increased the content of cannabidiol, and, to a lesser extent, tetrahydrocannabinol. The selection traits of the hemp - stem total length, mass and fiber content, seed productivity and sex determination significantly increased under treatment. A wide range of possibilities for phytohormones of exogenous origin in regulating cannabinoid accumulation, morphogenesis of hemp plants and their productivity was confirmed. Different hemp genotypes may have different responses to plant growth regulators and concentrations, which should be established in each case.
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