The current paper discusses the characteristics of principal growth stages of hemp (Canabis sativa), provides a brief description of these stages and of the coding system according to the BBCH scale. The growing season of hemp is divided into nine principal growth stages: germination and sprouting (0), leaf development (1), formation of lateral shoots (2), stem elongation (3), inflorescence emergence (5), flowering (6), development of fruit (7), ripening of fruit (8) and senescence (9). The principal growth stages are subdivided into secondary stages based on their main distinctive features. The classification system of hemp growth stages presented in the paper is designed for hemp growers and researchers, including plant breeders, physiologists, entomologists and other agricultural producers. Using the uniform coding system of the phenological stages of hemp is a valuable tool to ensure a more efficient planning and implementation of crop and soil management practices and techniques.
Встановлено, що КБН найменше пов’язаний із ре-штою досліджуваних компонентів канабіноїдіврослин сорту середньоросійського типу ЮСО-14.Сильна взаємообумовленість КБД і ТГК потребуєздійснення добору як за відсутністю КБД, так іТГК. Хоча КБД і є антагоністом основної психо-тропної сполуки ТГК, його наявність не бажана,поскільки може викликати й появу ТГК. У півден-ного сорту Золотоніські ЮСО-11 КБН майже зо-всім не пов’язаний із рештою досліджуваних ком-понентів канабіноїдів, а взаємозв’язки між трьо-ма канабіноїдними сполуками слабші, порівняно зсортом ЮСО-14.
Established that CBN has minimal relations to other investigatedcomponents of cannabinoid of plants variety of CentralRussian type USO-14. Due to the strong interconditionality ofCBD and THC it is necessary to carry out the selection of plantsin which CBD and THC are absent. CBD is the antagonist ofbasic psychotropic component THC. But his presence is notdesirable, because it can be cause of appearance of THC. Insouth type of Zolotonoshsiy USO-11 CBN is not connectedwith investigated components of cannabinoid, and correlationsand interconnection between three cannabinoid components areweaker comparatively variety of USO-14.
To create an industrial hemp variety of the Central European ecological and geographical type with a high cannabigerol content and universal application.
Methods. Breeding (self-pollination, creation of artificial populations, selection), field, biochemical (thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography of cannabinoid compounds), instrumental and technological assessment of fibre quality, and statistical methods.
Results. Variety ‘Vik 2020’ was obtained as a result of creation of artificial populations. The plants are characterized by higher content of cannabigerol (1.034 ± 0.0323%), and almost zero of other secondary metabolites, such as cannabidivarin, cannabidiol, cannabichromene and psychotropic tetrahydrocannabinol (0.003 ± 0.0011; 0.018 ± 0.0080; 0.012 ± 0.0027, and 0.005 ± 0.0012%, respectively). The t rait of cannabigerol content is quite stable within the population and is not correlated with the trait of tetrahydrocannabinol content (r = -0.23). TLC showed that cannabigerol accumulated mainly in the form of cannabigerolic acid and to a lesser extent as a neutral compound, which is consistent with the theory that this substance is a precursor for the synthesis of other cannabinoids. According to the results of the competitive variety test, when growing to obtain fibre and seeds, the variety features short height, specifically significantly lower total (206.4 cm) and technical stem length (135.6 cm) compared to the standard variety, significantly higher inflorescence length (70.8 cm), which determine the formation of the significant yield of biomass suitable for pharmaceutical use and high seed yield (0.98 t/ha). The yield of total fibre was the same as in the standard variety (29.0%), but its quality and technological value for primary processing were higher. The variety had a homogeneous sex structure, resistance to bioltic and abiotic environmental factors. Plants reached biological maturity in 116 days (BBCH 89). This cultivar is recommended for obtaining seeds, quality fiber and potentially cannabigerol (on condition of changes in legislation).
Conclusions. The efficiency of using self-pollinating lines in breeding with their subsequent combining into a synthetic population and improving selection was proved by the case of a new variety of industrial hemp ‘Vik 2020’, characterized by an increased content of cannabigerol and the absence of psychotropic properties
Separate elements of a technique for introducing hemp into an in vitro culture have been developed. The best option for inducing calusogenesis in technical (industrial) hemp among the studied genotypes in vitro is Murashige and Skoog medium with the addition of 0,5 or 0,3 mg/l 2,4-D, 0,3 mg/l KIN, 0,5 mg/l GA3, vitamins B1, B6, C and 30 g/l sucrose. In this embodiment, the frequency of calusogenesis was 88,5–100%, the formation of green callus with meristematic zones was observed in 73,1–76,5% of the hypocotyl segments, and in some cases organogenesis (shoot formation) also occurred.
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