The structural influences of the laser lift-off (LLO) techniques on the created (0001) GaN surface region are characterized by cross-sectional high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and fitted using the model of stress waves caused by a longitudinal impact at the end of a cylindrical bar extending to infinity. The authors study reveals that, in addition to the superficial damage caused by laser absorption, the stress saltation in GaN crystal where the shock waves come into being induces deformation of the lattices and generates a cluster of half loops above the LLO interface. After that, the lattice deformation will be induced every time the partial dissipation of the steady-state shock waves takes place until the shock wave is dissipated to elastic mode.
Mixed-phase clouds, containing both supercooled water droplets and ice crystals, play important roles in the atmospheric radiation budget and hydrological cycle of the Earth (Boucher et al., 2013). Because of the notable differences between the physical and radiative properties of water droplets and ice crystals, the radiative and hydrological cycle impacts of mixed-phase clouds rely critically on the abundance of ice crystals and understanding ice formation processes in mixed-phase clouds (Korolev et al., 2017). In general, heterogeneous ice nucleation (IN) drives ice formation via different pathways (Vali et al., 2015), and immersion freezing is recognized to dominate ice formation in mixed-phase clouds (Westbrook & Illingworth, 2013). However, atmospheric ice-nucleating particles (INPs) remain unsettled in terms of their sources, abundance and chemical nature (DeMott et al., 2010).Observations of ice residues and INPs have revealed evidences that atmospheric organic aerosol (OA)
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