Securidaca longepedunculata family Polygalaceae is a tropically distributed medicinal plant. Antibacterial activity of chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts of the roots and leaves of the plant against some selected microorganisms were shown using standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The plants extracts showed inhibitory activity against the tested organisms. The diameter of zones of inhibition exhibited by all the extracts was between 15 and 20 mm. The methanol and the chloroform extracts of the leaves compared favorably with ampliclox capsule used as a standard control. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts ranged from 0.591 to 6.25 mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) ranged from 1.56 to 6.25 mg/ml. Chromatography of methanol and aqueous extracts of the leaves revealed two major spot. The phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, steroids, balsams and reducing sugars. The study scientifically validates the use of this plant in traditional and ethnomedicine and these extracts may be a potential source of future antibacterial drugs against enteric organisms.

Securinega virosa is used as remedy for diarrhoea in tropical Africa, but has not been investigated for its antidiarrhoeal activity. This study was therefore aimed at investigating the methanolic extracts of the leaves, stem bark and root bark for antidirrhoeal activity, using castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model in mice. The effects of these extracts on perfused isolated rabbit jejunum were also evaluated. The methanolic leaves extract (8 x 10 -5 -1.6 x 10 -3 mg ml-1) produced a dose-dependent relaxation of the rabbit jejunum, while the methanolic stem bark and root bark extracts (2 x 10 -5 -3.2 x 10 -3 mg ml-1) produced contraction of the tissue. The methanolic root bark extract produced a dose-dependent protection against the castor oil-induced diarrhoea with the highest protection (100%), obtained at 100 mg kg-1 comparable to that of loperamide (5 mg kg-1), the standard agent. The leaves extract also protected the mice but was not dose-dependent. The highest protection (60%) was obtained at the lowest dose (50 mg kg-1). The stem bark extract did not protect the animal against diarrhoea. The preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed that the three extracts contained similar phytochemical constituents which include alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. However, only the leaves extract contained anthraquinone glycosides. The acute toxicity test revealed the median lethal dose (LD 50 ) values for the leaves, stem bark and root bark extracts to be 1265, 288.5 and 774.6 mg kg-1 respectively. This suggests that the stem bark extract is relatively the most toxic. These results obtained revealed that the leaves and root bark extracts possess pharmacological activity against diarrhoea and may possibly explain the use of the plant in traditional medicine.

A field experiment was conducted in the fields of the college of Agriculture - University of Anbar (alternative location) during winter seasons in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. To study the effect of spraying with four concentrations of Humiforte 0, 2, 4 and 6 L.ha−1 on growth and yield of four Oats cultivars. The layout of the experiment was split plot design according to RCBD design with three replicates. The results showed the following: The characters of the yield and yield components of oats were studied in terms of performance and variability and calculated the values of genetic and environmental variability and the heterogeneity, phenotypic and inheritance. The highest percentage of genetic variations to the environment 7.2, 10.9 and 13, 7 for the flag leaf area and the number of grains by the raceme in both seasons. the highest percentage of heritability was found in flag leaf area reached 87.8%, 91.60 and the number of grains by the raceme which reached 92.72% and 87.36% in both seasons. The concentration of 6 L.ha−1 was superior compared to the other concentrations in plant height, leaf area, number of branches per plant, leaf content of chlorophyll, yield components and grain yield 6.01 and 6.29 ton.ha−1 in both seasons respectively. Genzaniya and Hamel cultivars gave the lowest number of days to reach the flowering stage, while Gensaniya cultivar gave the highest plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll leaf content, number of grains by raceme and grain yield 5.47 and 6.48 ton.ha−1 in both seasons respectively. However, Shefaa was superior in the weight of 500 grains in both seasons. The interaction between the study factors was significant in most of the studied characters. The treatment of Gensaniya at the concentration of 6 L.ha−1 gave the highest grain yield reached 6.86 and 7.22 ton.ha−1 in both seasons respectively. We conclude from this results that most components of the crop are more influenced by genetics factors. Therefore, we recommend the adoption of the number of grains per raceme in the assessment of productive capacity of the oats grains.

A cross-sectional study of 110 patients attending State House Clinic, Abuja were assessed for compliance in time and dose of anti-retroviral drugs for one month. One hundred and five of the patients complied to taking the drugs (taking compliance >95 %) and compliance to the dosage was also good (98.1 %). However, the mean timing compliance was not good (73.1 O h). Forgetfulness (7.0 %) and travelling out of town (4.3 %) were the commonest reasons for missing a dose. Forgetfulness (20 %), non-availability of food (25.5 %) and stigmatization of carrying drugs around (3.6 %) were the commonest reasons for altering the dosing time. It was concluded that the timing compliance was low and that may affect the success of the program. Patients should be encouraged to take the right dose at the right time.

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