A synergetically acting new flocculant on the basis of starch‐graft‐poly(acrylamide)‐co‐sodium xanthate (CSAX) was synthesized by grafting copolymerization of crosslinked corn starch, acrylamide (AM), and sodium xanthate, using epichlorohydrin (EPI) as cross‐linking agent and ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as polymerization initiator in aqueous solution. The effects of some factors, such as crosslinker, initiator, AM, NaOH, on the %Tr (turbidity removal rate), %Trd (turbidity removal rate of a water sample which has both turbidity and heavy metal ions %Hr (heavy metal ion removal rate) and %Hrd (heavy metal ions removal rate of water which has both heavy metal ions and turbidity), are investigated. As proven by FTIR and elemental analysis, the CSAX can be successfully synthesized and can remove both turbidity‐causing substances and heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. Under optimum synthesis conditions CSAX exhibits excellent performance, i.e. %Tr = 98%, %Trd = 98.4%, %Hrd = 99% and %Hr = 91.6%, respectively.
A novel crosslinked starch-graft-polyacrylamide-co-sodium xanthate (CSAX) was synthesized by grafting copolymerization reactions of crosslinked corn starch, acrylamide (AM), and sodium xanthate, using epichlorohydrin (EPI) as crosslinking reagent and ceric ammonium nitrate as initiator in aqueous solution. The effects of some factors, such as crosslinker, initiator, AM, NaOH and so forth, on the flocculation were investigated in terms of efficiency of grafting (% GE), grafting percentage (% GP), and viscosity averaged molecular weight (M) of the PAM pendant chains. The results showed that the CSAX was successfully synthesized with the different number and length of grafted PAM pendant chains and with the functions of removing both substance causing turbidity and heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. Under optimum synthesis conditions, CSAX exhibited excellent performances: the rate of turbidity removal (% T) reached 98.4% and the rate of Cu 2þ removal (% R) reached 99.2% in water treatment, respectively.
The sorption kinetics of NPs from aqueous solutions by ECDMZ was researched. The experimental results indicated that the sorption of ECDMZ fits the second order dynamic equation. It is showed that the chemical sorption process should be the main factor of controlling sorption rate. Meanwhile, the thermodynamic of NPs from aqueous solutions by ECDMZ were studied too. The thermodynamic research revealed that the whole sorption was exothermic and spontaneous process. In the studied range of 20∼100 mg?L−1, Enthalpy change dominated the whole chemical sorption process. Temperature had little effect on the sorption process in the studied range of 288∼308 K.
The purpose of the flocculation operation is not only to remove the substance causing turbidity, but also to give the causing particles with the ability to be trapped in subsequent operations. This paper discusses the process of generating the floc, sedimentation characteristics, separation effect and so on, when the macromolecule heavy metal flocculant CSAX used in water treatment, especially for heavy metal ions and turbidity of coexisting system. The research is the popularization and application of this kind of flocculant that expand the types of multifunctional flocculant, decreases the number of the water treatment unit, which provides a certain reference value.
Abstract. In this paper, the flocculant and trapping performance of the crosslinked starch-graft-polyacrylamide-co-sodium xanthate (CSAX) was evaluated using wastewater that contains Hg 2+ as the target. Some factors affect the removal rate of Hg 2+ were investigated. The experimental results show that the CSAX was successfully synthesized and it has functions of removing both turbidity and Hg 2+ from aqueous solution. With the increase of pH value and CSAX dosage, the removal rate of Hg 2+ is increased gradudlly. If the presences of alkali metal and alkaline-earth metal ions in wastewater, the removal rate of Hg 2+ is improved too. Then the presences of SO 4 2-and EDTA in wastewater inhibit the removal rate of Hg
2+. Meanwhile when Hg 2+ and turbidity coexist in the wastewater, the removal rate of Hg 2+ can be promoted.
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