Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane is presently the most powerful energetic compound in the world. The synthesis of CL-20 or cage molecules has attracted considerable interest of experts in the area of high-energy materials over the last two decades, and more than 100 isowurtzitane derivatives were synthesized. In this paper, the synthesis, application and reactivity of these compounds are summarized systematically according to different substituents on the cage and types of reactions. The developing tends of isowurtzitane derivatives are also presented.
Cyanation of aryl iodides is still challenging work for chemical researchers because of harsh reaction conditions and toxic cyanide sources. Herein, we have developed a new protocol based on the combination of the catalyst Pd@CeO 2 , nontoxic cyanide source K 4 [Fe (CN) 6 ]Á3H 2 O, and driving force visible light irradiation. The reaction is operated at relatively moderate temperature (55 C) and exhibits good catalytic efficiency of product aryl nitriles (yields of 89.4%). Moreover, the catalyst Pd@CeO 2 possesses good reusability with a slight loss of photocatalytic activity after five consecutive runs. The reaction system based on the above combination shows a wide range of functional group tolerance under the same conditions. Reaction conditions such as temperature, time, the component of catalyst, and solutions are optimized by studying cyanation of 1-iodo-4-nitrobenzene as model reaction. According to these results, the possible mechanism of Pd@CeO 2-catalyzed cyanation of aryl iodides under visible light irradiation is proposed based on the influence of visible light on the catalyst and reactant compounds. In all, we provided an environmental and economic method for preparation of aryl nitriles from cyanation of aryl iodides based on the goal of green chemistry for sustainable development.
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