Research Progress in Study of Isowurtzitane Derivatives

Gong, Xubin; Sun, Chia‐Chung; Pang, Siping; Zhang, Jing; Li, Yuchuan; Zhao, Xiaojing

doi:10.6023/cjoc1104225

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…表 1 列出了 CL20/TNT、 CL20/DNB、CL20 和 DNB 的性能. 表 1 CL20、CL20/DNB、DNB 以及 CL20/TNT 的爆轰性能 [11] 目前, 已有学者对 CL20 [12,13] 以及 CL20/TNT 共晶进行了研究. Isayev 等 [14] 和 Byrd 等 [15] 用 Ab initio 分子动力学对 CL20 的热分解过程进行了研究, 并预测其反应路径.…”

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Thermal Sensitivity of CL20/DNB Co-crystal Research via Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Zhen¹,

Yi-jiang²,

Yuanhang³

2016

Acta Chim. Sinica

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Co-crystal technology has effectively improved the safety of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL20) and retained high detonation velocity, detonation pressure and other properties of CL20. To study why thermal sensitivity of CL20/1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB) co-crystal can be effectively reduced, simulations of the pyrolysis process of CL20/DNB co-crystal, CL20/TNT co-crystal, CL20 crystal and DNB crystal system were made with ReaxFF/lg force field reactive molecular dynamics in this paper. This paper provides from atomic level detailed information on thermal decomposition processes of CL20, DNB, CL20/DNB co-crystal and CL20/TNT co-crystal such as reaction pathway, contributing to a better understanding of differences between co-crystal and pure crystal. The results show that CL20/DNB co-crystal has lower thermal sensitivity than CL20 and CL20/TNT co-crystal, but has higher thermal sensitivity than DNB, which is consistent with experimental data. Besides, the initial reaction pathways of CL20 and CL20/DNB were found, which reveals the reasons why co-crystal can effectively reduce CL20 thermal sensitivity. CL20 and CL20/DNB have similar initial reaction pathways: N-NO 2 bond of CL20 molecules breaks, working as a dominant role in the initial stage of thermal decomposition under the condition of different temperatures, followed by cage skeleton structure breaking reaction. We found two reasons for the decrease rate of CL20 in CL20/DNB co-crystal decomposition: (A) The huge number of DNB molecules in the initial reaction stage prevents effective collision between CL20 and the intermediate reactants, thus lowering the speed of CL20 thermal decomposition. (B) Part of DNB molecules react with CL20 molecules and the intermediate products, producing C 6 H 4 N 3 O 6 , C 6 H 4 N 4 O 8 and C 10 H 10 N 14 O 16 etc., which decrease concentration of CL20. Both are explanations from microscopic mechanism on why the thermal sensitivity of CL20/DNB co-crystal is lower than that of CL20 crystal. In addition, CL20/DNB co-crystal and CL20 have similar main reactants, such as NO 2 , NO 3 , N 2 , N 2 O 2 , HNO, H 2 O, CO 2 , and HONO etc. Through the analysis of the reaction kinetics, we obtain activation barrier of CL20 system and CL20/DNB system. This study confirms the fact that co-crystallization is an effective way to decrease the thermal sensitivity for CL20 while retaining high detonation performance.

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Thermal Sensitivity of CL20/DNB Co-crystal Research via Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Zhen¹,

Yi-jiang²,

Yuanhang³

2016

Acta Chim. Sinica

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“…In the HBIW debenzylation process, part or all of the benzyl groups are replaced by other functional groups (such as CH 3 O-, C 2 H 5 -, CHO-) [13]. There are more than 15 nitrification precursors for the synthesis of CL-20 [14,15]. Up to now, only three nitration precursors have been manufactured at the kilogram level, which, respectively, are tetraacetyldibenzylhex-aazaisowurtzitane (TADBIW), tetraacetyldif-ormylhexazoisowoody (TADFIW), and tetraacetylhexazoisowoody alkane (TAIW).…”

Section: Typical Synthesis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress and Key Issues of Hydrodebenzylation of Hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane (HBIW) in the Synthesis of High Energy Density Material Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW)

Tang¹,

Zhu

Shi

et al. 2022

Materials

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High energy density materials (HEDM) are the subject of an extensive research effort in relation to the use of these compounds as components of rocket propellants, powders, and formulations of high-performance explosives. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW, i.e., CL-20) has received much attention in these research fields for its specific impulse, burning rate, ballistics, and detonation velocity. In this paper, the development and performances of the explosives from the first to the fourth generation are briefly summarized, and the synthesis status of the fourth-generation explosive, HNIW, is reviewed. The key issues that restrict the development of industrial amplification synthesis of HNIW are analyzed, and the potential directions of development are proposed. It is pointed out that to synthesize new and efficient catalysts is the key to making the cost-effective manufacturing of CL-20 a reality.

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“…To obtain the novel HEMDs with insensitive characteristics and improved energy, many efforts have been made based on the CL-20 cage skeleton. In experiments, more than 100 isowurtzitane derivatives were synthesized with different substituents on the cage [3], such as tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane [4], 2,4,6,8,12-pentanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane [5], 4-trinitroethyl-10-nitro-2,6,8,12-tetraacetylhexaazaisowurtzitane and 4-trinitroethyl-2,6,8,10,12pentanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane [6]. In theoretical researches, Ghule et al designed a series of nitrotriazole and amino substituted CL-20 derivatives with better insensitivity characteristics, while the detonation properties dropping [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Nitrogen-Doping on Detonation and Stability Properties of CL-20 Derivatives from a Theoretical Viewpoint

Hao

Chi

Tian

et al. 2017

Prop., Explos., Pyrotech.

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Six nitrogen‐doping CL‐20 derivatives were designed and investigated as energetic materials at B3LYP/6‐31G** level based on the density functional theory method. Results show that nitrogen‐doping derivatives exhibit high crystal densities (1.98∼2.18 g cm−3) and positive heats of formation (451.68∼949.68 kJ mol−1). Among nitrogen‐doping derivatives, 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,4,6,8,9,10,12‐heptaazaisowurtzitane(A1), 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐2,3,4,6,8,9,10,12‐octaazaisowurtzitane(B1) and 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐1,2,3,4,6,8,9,10,12‐nonaazaisowurtzitane(C1) possess better detonation velocity and pressure than CL‐20, and A1 gives the best performance (DK‐J•A1=9.6 km s−1; PK‐J•A1=43.07 GPa). Moreover, the specific impulse, brisance, and power of N‐doping CL‐20 derivatives are also higher than that of CL‐20. The thermal stability and sensitivity of nitrogen‐doping molecules were analyzed via the bond dissociation energy (BDE), the characteristic height (h50) and electrostatic sensitivity (EES). The results indicate that the stability of A1, B1 and 2,4,6,8,10,12‐hexanitro‐1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,12‐decaazaisowurtzitane(D1) is comparable with that of CL‐20. Considering detonation performance and stability, A1 and B1 may be promising candidates as energetic materials with superior detonation performance and favorable stability.

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Research Progress in Study of Isowurtzitane Derivatives

Cited by 21 publications

References 7 publications

Thermal Sensitivity of CL20/DNB Co-crystal Research via Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Thermal Sensitivity of CL20/DNB Co-crystal Research via Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Research Progress and Key Issues of Hydrodebenzylation of Hexabenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane (HBIW) in the Synthesis of High Energy Density Material Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW)

Effect of Nitrogen-Doping on Detonation and Stability Properties of CL-20 Derivatives from a Theoretical Viewpoint

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