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Daily temperature variations induce phase transitions and lattice strains in halide perovskites, challenging their stability in solar cells. We stabilized the perovskite black phase and improved solar cell performance using the ordered dipolar structure of β-poly(1,1-difluoroethylene) to control perovskite film crystallization and energy alignment. We demonstrated p-i-n perovskite solar cells with a record power conversion efficiency of 24.6% over 18 square millimeters and 23.1% over 1 square centimeter, which retained 96 and 88% of the efficiency after 1000 hours of 1-sun maximum power point tracking at 25° and 75°C, respectively. Devices under rapid thermal cycling between −60° and +80°C showed no sign of fatigue, demonstrating the impact of the ordered dipolar structure on the operational stability of perovskite solar cells.

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and Fc-fusion proteins are successfully used in treatment of various diseases mainly including cancer, immune disease, and viral infection, which belong to the Fc-based therapeutics. In recent years, engineered Fc-derived antibody domains have also shown potential for Fc-based therapeutics. To increase the druggability of Fc-based therapeutic candidates, many efforts have been made in optimizing physicochemical properties and functions mediated by Fc fragment. The desired result is that we can simultaneously obtain Fc variants with increased physicochemical properties in vitro and capacity of mediating appropriate functions in vivo. However, changes of physicochemical properties of Fc may result in alternation of Fc-mediated functions and vice versa, which leads to undesired outcomes for further development of Fc-based therapeutics. Therefore, whether modified Fc fragments are suitable for achievement of expected clinical results or not needs to be seriously considered. Now, this question comes to be noticed and should be figured out to make better translation from the results of laboratory into clinical applications. In this review, we summarize different strategies on engineering physicochemical properties of Fc, and preliminarily elucidate the relationships between modified Fc in vitro and the subsequent therapeutic influence in vivo.Keywords: monoclonal antibody, Fc-fusion protein, Fc-based therapeutics, optimization, physicochemical property, stability, aggregation iNTRODUCTiON Since the hybridoma technology for the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was invented more than 40 years ago, mAbs are widely used as diagnostics and therapeutics. The first commercial therapeutic mAb, muromonab-CD3 (trade name Orthoclone OKT3), was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for prevention of kidney transplant rejection in 1986 (1). Because it is a murine antibody, administration of this antibody in human might lead to the production of human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) responses. To reduce the immunogenicity, the development of therapeutic mAbs undergoes four generations: murine mAbs, chimeric mAbs, humanized mAbs, and fully human mAbs (2). Nine therapeutic mAbs have been approved by the U.S. FDA since the start of 2017 1 (3) while the total sales of 70 mAbs for clinical treatment will exceed 100 billion U.S. dollars this year. Among those mAbs, Adalimumab (trade name Humira) the first approved fully human mAb derived from phage display, led the list of top-selling pharmaceutical products with global sales of 16 billion U.S. dollars in 2016 (4).Fc-fusion proteins are composed of an immunoglobulin (Ig) Fc domain that is directly linked to another peptide, protein, or protein domain. For therapeutic propose, the first description of CD4-Fc fusion protein showed the inhibitory activity against the formation of syncytia during HIV-1 infection in 1989, which showed the proof-of-concept of use of therapeutic Fc-fusion proteins for treatment of HIV-1 infection (5). Sub...

A solvent-free solid-phase technique was developed for the targeted defect passivation of perovskite films, resulting in an ultra-high PCE of 25.2%.

Three‐dimensional (3D) perovskite solar cells are prone to degradation in the presence of moisture, heat, and light. Recently, two‐dimensional (2D) perovskites are synthesized by isolating metal halide perovskite layers using aliphatic or aromatic alkylammonium spacer cation, which can retain their performance under ambient humidity levels due to the hydrophobic property of the spacer cation. However, the best 2D perovskite thus far, using aliphatic short butylammonium (BA) cation as spacer cation, shows only a modest tolerance against moisture and heat due to the inferior hydrophobicity as well as the relatively smaller size of the BA cation. Here, a bulkier aromatic phenylethylammonium (PEA) used as a spacer cation to synthesis 2D perovksite in order to achieve highly stable solar cells. By modifying the crystallization process, an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.50% is achieved, which is the highest reported PCE for aromatic alkylammonium‐based lower dimensional perovskite solar cells. Importantly, unencapsulated (PEA)2(MA)3Pb4I13 devices show enhanced moisture stability compared to other reported perovskite solar cells in harsh moisture environment (72 ± 2% relative humidity). Moreover, the use of organic materials in p‐i‐n type device, instead of metal oxides, as electron and hole extraction layers also paves the way toward constructing flexible perovskite solar cells.

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To commercialize flexible perovskite solar cells (f-PSCs), they must achieve mechanical reliability apart from high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term stability. 2D/3D stacking perovskite theoretically can improve the photovoltaic...

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