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PMB 2.5 B aerosols were collected in Nanjing, a typical mega-city in China, during 1 summer and winter 2004 and were characterized for aromatic and cyclic compounds using a 2 GC/MS technique to understand the air pollution problem. They include polycyclic aromatic 3 hydrocarbons (PAHs), hopanes, phthalates and hydroxy-PAHs (OH-PAHs). PAHs, hopanes and 4 OH-PAHs presented higher concentrations in winter 3 due to an enhanced evaporation from 9 plastics during the hot season and the subsequent deposition on the pre-existing particles. 10Generally, all the identified compounds are more abundant in nighttime than in daytime due to 11 inversion layers and increased emissions from heavy-duty trucks at night. PAHs, hopanes and 12 phthalates in Nanjing aerosols are 5−100 times more abundant than those in Los Angeles, USA, 13 indicating a serious air pollution problem in the city. Concentrations of OH-PAHs are 1−3 orders 14 of magnitude less than their parent PAHs and comparable to those reported from other 15 international cities. Source identification using diagnostic ratios of the organic tracers suggests 16 that PAHs in Nanjing urban area are mainly derived from coal burning, whereas hopanes are 17 more attributable to traffic emissions. 18

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To build a risk prediction model of gestational diabetes mellitus using nomogram to provide a simple-to-use clinical basis for the early prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study is a prospective cohort study including 1385 pregnant women. (1) It is showed that the risk of GDM in women aged ≥ 35 years was 5.5 times higher than that in women aged < 25 years (95% CI: 1.27–23.73, p < 0.05). In the first trimester, the risk of GDM in women with abnormal triglyceride who were in their first trimester was 2.1 times higher than that of lipid normal women (95% CI: 1.12–3.91, p < 0.05). The area under the ROC curve of the nomogram of was 0.728 (95% CI: 0.683–0.772), the sensitivity and specificity of the model were 0.716 and 0.652, respectively. This study provides a simple and economic nomogram for the early prediction of GDM risk in the first trimester, and it has certain accuracy.

Atmospheric aerosol pollution has significant impacts on human health and economic society. One of the most efficient way to remove the pollutants from the atmosphere is wet deposition. This study selected three typical atmospheric pollution regions in China, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) regions, as research areas, and used the hourly precipitation and PM2.5 mass concentration data from 2015 to 2017 to investigate the removal impacts of precipitation on PM2.5. The PM2.5 mass concentration difference before and after the hourly precipitation events was used to denote as the impacts of precipitation. Hourly precipitation event was selected so that the time difference between two PM2.5 observations was short enough to limit the PM2.5 change caused by other factors. This study focused on the differences in the removal effect of precipitation on PM2.5 under different precipitation intensities and pollution levels. The results show that both precipitation intensity and aerosol amount affected the removal effect. A negative removal effect existed for both light precipitation and low PM2.5 mass concentration conditions. In contrast, a positive removal effect occurred for both high precipitation and high PM2.5 mass concentration conditions. The removal effect increased with increasing precipitation intensity and PM2.5 mass concentration before precipitation and was consistent with the change trend of wind speed at a height of 100 m. The findings of this study can help understand the mechanism of wet scavenging on air pollution, providing support for air pollution control in future.

Background:For patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the night sleep interruption and intermittent hypoxia due to apnea or hypopnea may induce glycemic excursions and reduce insulin sensitivity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy in patients with OSAHS and T2DM.Methods:Continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) was used in 40 patients with T2DM and newly diagnosed OSAHS. The measurements were repeated after 30 days of CPAP treatment. Subsequently, insulin sensitivity and glycohemoglobin (HbA1c) were measured and compared to the pretreatment data.Results:After CPAP therapy, the CGMS indicators showed that the 24-h mean blood glucose (MBG) and the night time MBG were significantly reduced (P < 0.05 and P = 0.03, respectively). The mean ambulatory glucose excursions (MAGEs) and the mean of daily differences were also significantly reduced (P < 0.05 and P = 0.002, respectively) compared to pretreatment levels. During the night, MAGE also significantly decreased (P = 0.049). The differences between the highest and lowest levels of blood glucose over 24 h and during the night were significantly lower than prior to CPAP treatment (P < 0.05 and P = 0.024, respectively). The 24 h and night time durations of high blood glucose (>7.8 mmol/L and > 11.1 mmol/L) decreased (P < 0.05 and P < 0.05, respectively) after the treatment. In addition, HbA1c levels were also lower than those before treatment (P < 0.05), and the homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance was also significantly lower than before CPAP treatment (P = 0.034).Conclusions:CPAP therapy may have a beneficial effect on improving not only blood glucose but also upon insulin sensitivity in T2DM patients with OSAHS. This suggests that CPAP may be an effective treatment for T2DM in addition to intensive diabetes management.

Background. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are effective glucose-lowering drugs, but there is concern that they may increase the risk of malignant neoplasia. The present meta-analysis examined the safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists with regard to malignant neoplasia. Methods. We analyzed data from randomized controlled trials with a minimum duration of 24 weeks that assessed the incidence of neoplasms in type 2 diabetes patients receiving GLP-1 receptor agonists compared with placebo or other hypoglycemic drugs. We searched the MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases with a language restriction of English through October 1, 2018, and carried out a meta-analysis of the available trial data using a fixed effects model to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for neoplasia. Results. Thirty-four relevant articles, providing data for 50452 patients, were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with the incidence of malignant neoplasia with placebo or other interventions, no increase in malignant neoplasm formation was observed with the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists (OR 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94–1.15; p=0.46), liraglutide (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.91–1.27; p=0.38), exenatide (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.86–1.16; p=1.00), semaglutide (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.35–2.22; p=0.80), or albiglutide (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.23–4.88; p=0.93). A subanalysis of trials lasting longer than 3 years also showed no increase in the neoplasia risk with GLP-1 receptor agonist use (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.92–1.15; p=0.60). Between-trial statistical heterogeneity was low for all comparisons. Conclusion. GLP-1 receptor agonists can be used without safety concerns related to malignant neoplasia in patients with type 2 diabetes.

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