production, especially for hydroelectricity, sunlight, and wind energy, which cannot be gathered or released when they are needed. [5][6][7][8] Electrochemical energy storage devices provide a promising approach for the storage of electric energy from these sources. [9][10][11] Currently, carbonaceous materials have attracted much interest for their extensive applications including adsorption, [12] catalysis, [13] batteries, [14] fuel cells, [15,16] supercapacitors, [17,18] and drug delivery and imaging. [19] In addition, some sensors are also one of the important applications of carbonaceous materials, because they are closely related to human health. [20,21] For instance, Emran and co-workers [22] constructed ultrasensitive biosensors with N-doped mesoporous carbon (NMC)-based electrodes for in vitro monitoring of DA released from living cells. With the further study of the experiment, they also designed a series of S-doped carbon materials for a wider detection of DA, UA (uric acid), and AA (ascorbic acid). [23,24] The advantages of easy preparing, nontoxic and excellent electrical conductivity of carbonaceous materials, which are rare among energy storage materials, make carbonaceous materials superior to most of the energy storage materials. [25][26][27] There are varieties of approaches for the preparation of carbon materials, such as directly carbonizing from organic precursors, physically or chemically carbonizing from carbon, template methods using zeolites and mesoporous silica, solvothermal and hydrothermal methods with elevated temperature, the electrical arc methods, and chemical vapor decomposition (CVD) methods. [28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Among all these approaches, directly carbonizing from organic precursors is the most frequently used method to prepare nanoporous carbons (NPCs) due to its flexibility and simplicity. [35][36][37] However, these NPC materials present certain drawbacks, such as low surface areas, disordered structures, and ununiformed sizes, which will greatly limit their applications. [25] As studies have progressed, researchers found that carbon materials derived from metalorganic frameworks (MOFs) could overcome these limitations.Metal-organic frameworks, which are also named porous coordination polymers (PCPs), are crystalline porous materials with periodic network structures formed by metal ions (or metal clusters) and organic ligands. [38][39][40][41][42] They are usually prepared by solvothermal methods and used as precursors or templates to form nanostructured materials. [43][44][45] So far, many researchers have highlighted the advantages of MOFs. For Carbon materials derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention in the field of scientific research in recent years because of their advantages of excellent electron conductivity, high porosity, and diverse applications. Tremendous efforts are devoted to improving their chemical and physical properties, including optimizing the morphology and structure of the carbon materials, compositing them wi...

batteries, sodium-selenium (Na-Se) batteries, Li-tellurium (Li-Te) batteries, and Na-S batteries) have their own distinctive applications due to their various characteristics. To explore new materials with high performance, large studies have been devoted to the development of nextgeneration batteries.Porous carbon (PC) materials possess many unique properties due to their large surface areas, high conductivity, large pore volumes, high thermal stability, and surface functionalities, [22][23][24] leading to their wide use in energy storage and conversion. Traditionally, PC can be obtained via various methods, such as the direct heat treatment of organic precursors, hard template or nanocast methods, and soft template methods. However, the production of PC from these methods cannot be scaled-up because of certain barriers (disordered structure with wide size distributions, complicated processes, etc.). [23,25,26] Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have drawn wide research interest as a novel class of porous materials that are crystalline materials consisting of metal ions and organic ligands. [4,21,[27][28][29][30][31] Since the report on the MOF-templated synthesis of PC in 2008, [32] a large number of studies have been reported on the use of MOFs as suitable precursors/templates for carbon synthesis. [22,26,[33][34][35] At present, a large number of studies indicate that zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), MOF-5, MIL-125 (Ti) (MIL = Materials of Institute Lavoisier), and ZIF-67 with excellent thermal stability and unique porous structures are the more commonly used MOF precursors (Scheme 1). [3,36,37] All of them, ZIF-8, possessing nitrogen-containing ligands, has high porosity and thermal stability. [38][39][40] MOF-5 possesses excellent thermal stability, high porosity, and so on. [41] MIL-125, an active photocatalyst, includes cyclic octamers of TiO 2 octahedra. [42,43] ZIF-67 has a tunable pore aperture, highly stable structure, and catalytic activity. [37,44,45] The above-mentioned MOFs have been widely used for gas adsorption, molecular separation, catalysis, batteries, supercapacitors, and so on. [13,14,33] Moreover, carbon hybrids containing nanostructured metal species (e.g., metal oxides (MOs)) are likely to form under in situ carbonization conditions. [46] Compared with the carbonaceous materials from conventional precursors, MOF-derived carbon materials have significant advantages with high specific surface areas, tailorable porosities, unique morphologies, and easy functionalization with other heteroatoms. [14,23,31] For example, Xu and co-workers [47] obtained 1D carbon nanorods via the pyrolysis The applications of carbon and carbon-based materials with high porosity, high surface area, and functionalities based on metal-organic framework precursors and/or templates have attracted significant research interest in recent years, particularly in the field of batteries. The chemical and physical properties of carbon and carbon-based materials obtained by the heat treatment of various metal-organic ...

HIGHLIGHTS • The electrochemical properties of M x Se y (M = Fe, Co, Ni) and their Composites have been discussed. • The synthetic methods and morphologies have been summarized. • The future directions and application prospect of M x Se y (M = Fe, Co, Ni) and their composites are given. ABSTRACT Transition-metal selenides (M x Se y , M = Fe, Co, Ni) and their composites exhibit good storage capacities for sodium and lithium ions and occupy a unique position in research on sodium-ion and lithium-ion batteries. M x Se y and their composites are used as active materials to improve catalytic activity. However, low electrical conductivity, poor cycle stability, and low rate performance severely limit their applications. This review provides a comprehensive introduction to and understanding of the current research progress of M x Se y and their composites. Moreover, this review proposes a broader research platform for these materials, including various bioelectrocatalytic performance tests, lithium-sulfur batteries, and fuel cells. The synthesis method and related mechanisms of M x Se y and their composites are reviewed, and the effects of material morphologies on their electrochemical performance are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of M x Se y and their composites as well as possible strategies for improving the storage and conversion of electrochemical energy are also summarized.

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A novel oligoaniline with hierarchical flower-on-leaf microstructures has been fabricated via the oxidation of aniline in EtOH/water (3 : 7, v/v) mixtures. The as-prepared oligoaniline was characterized using the UV-vis, FTIR, 1 H NMR and MALDI-TOF MS techniques for analyzing the chemical structures.A possible formation mechanism has been proposed to interpret the growth of such hierarchical microstructures, and several inter-molecular interactions were suggested to drive the supermolecular assembly. The effect of the ethanol content in the medium on the morphology of the product was discussed, and the functions of the ethanol in the synthesis were explored. Besides, the adsorption properties of the as-prepared product toward organic dyes (crystal violet etc.) in water, as well as the sorption isotherms and kinetics, have been investigated carefully. The realizable sorption capacity for crystal violet was found to be 181 mg g À1 which was higher than those of most of the sorbent.

Relapsing polychondritis is a rare multisystemic disease, which is characterized by recurrent inflammation of the cartilaginous structures. We report a case of a 37-year-old man with progressive respiratory distress. Chest Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated increased attenuation and smooth thickening of airway walls. Positron emission tomography/CT scan identified the multisystemic cartilaginous abnormalities that were recognized by an increased fluorine-18 deoxyglucose uptake on nasal cartilages, laryngeal cartilages, tracheobronchial tree, and rib cartilages. Positron emission tomography/CT is a useful tool to diagnose relapsing polychondritis, as the condition shows multisystemic cartilaginous abnormalities that can be identified by an increased fluorine-18 deoxyglucose uptake.