Metal‐Organic Framework‐Derived Carbons for Battery Applications

Abstract

batteries, sodium-selenium (Na-Se) batteries, Li-tellurium (Li-Te) batteries, and Na-S batteries) have their own distinctive applications due to their various characteristics. To explore new materials with high performance, large studies have been devoted to the development of nextgeneration batteries.Porous carbon (PC) materials possess many unique properties due to their large surface areas, high conductivity, large pore volumes, high thermal stability, and surface functionalities, [22][23][24] leading to their wide use in energy storage and conversion. Traditionally, PC can be obtained via various methods, such as the direct heat treatment of organic precursors, hard template or nanocast methods, and soft template methods. However, the production of PC from these methods cannot be scaled-up because of certain barriers (disordered structure with wide size distributions, complicated processes, etc.). [23,25,26] Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have drawn wide research interest as a novel class of porous materials that are crystalline materials consisting of metal ions and organic ligands. [4,21,[27][28][29][30][31] Since the report on the MOF-templated synthesis of PC in 2008, [32] a large number of studies have been reported on the use of MOFs as suitable precursors/templates for carbon synthesis. [22,26,[33][34][35] At present, a large number of studies indicate that zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), MOF-5, MIL-125 (Ti) (MIL = Materials of Institute Lavoisier), and ZIF-67 with excellent thermal stability and unique porous structures are the more commonly used MOF precursors (Scheme 1). [3,36,37] All of them, ZIF-8, possessing nitrogen-containing ligands, has high porosity and thermal stability. [38][39][40] MOF-5 possesses excellent thermal stability, high porosity, and so on. [41] MIL-125, an active photocatalyst, includes cyclic octamers of TiO 2 octahedra. [42,43] ZIF-67 has a tunable pore aperture, highly stable structure, and catalytic activity. [37,44,45] The above-mentioned MOFs have been widely used for gas adsorption, molecular separation, catalysis, batteries, supercapacitors, and so on. [13,14,33] Moreover, carbon hybrids containing nanostructured metal species (e.g., metal oxides (MOs)) are likely to form under in situ carbonization conditions. [46] Compared with the carbonaceous materials from conventional precursors, MOF-derived carbon materials have significant advantages with high specific surface areas, tailorable porosities, unique morphologies, and easy functionalization with other heteroatoms. [14,23,31] For example, Xu and co-workers [47] obtained 1D carbon nanorods via the pyrolysis The applications of carbon and carbon-based materials with high porosity, high surface area, and functionalities based on metal-organic framework precursors and/or templates have attracted significant research interest in recent years, particularly in the field of batteries. The chemical and physical properties of carbon and carbon-based materials obtained by the heat treatment of various metal-organic ...

Oxygen/Fluorine Dual‐Doped Porous Carbon Nanopolyhedra Enabled Ultrafast and Highly Stable Potassium Storage

“…These structural characteristics are conducive to enlarging electrode/electrolyte contact area, shortening the diffusion path of ions, and providing sufficient space to buffer the huge volume expansion. However, relatively massive investigations on MOF‐derived carbon materials have been reported in LIBs and SIBs, while more explorations about this aspect are still needed to be made in PIBs.…”

Isostructural NiII Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for Efficient Electrocatalysis of Oxygen Evolution Reaction and for Gas Sorption Properties

“…[8][9][10][11] Amongt he TMOs, cobalt-based spinel oxides have been shown as outstanding OER electrocatalysts. [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] However,o nly af ew examples of MOFs that are directlyu tilized as active OER catalysts have been reported to date. [14][15][16][17] MOFs have attracted immense attention during the past few years fort heir fascinating, diverse structural architectures,a nd more importantly for their novel intrinsic and extrinsic properties.…”

Applications of Metal–Organic‐Framework‐Derived Carbon Materials

“…Over the past decades, a large amount of research efforts, both in academia and industry, have been devoted to searching for advanced scientific knowledge related to renewable energy sources, such as hydroelectricity, wind, sunlight, biofuels, geothermal heat, and so on . However, none of them is constant or reliable because of their great dependence on the weather conditions, these energy sources are also unpredictable and may be subject to fluctuations in production, especially for hydroelectricity, sunlight, and wind energy, which cannot be gathered or released when they are needed . Electrochemical energy storage devices provide a promising approach for the storage of electric energy from these sources .…”