We describe the evolution of the Entities, Relations and Events (ERE) annotation task, created to support research and technology development within the DARPA DEFT program. We begin by describing the specification for Light ERE annotation, including the motivation for the task within the context of DEFT. We discuss the transition from Light ERE to a more complex Rich ERE specification, enabling more comprehensive treatment of phenomena of interest to DEFT.
Donor/acceptor (D/A) interfaces play a crucial role in photoelectric conversion for organic solar cells. However, it is impossible to experimentally probe D/A interfaces at the atomistic level to date, in particular for organic solar cells based on nonfullerene acceptors due to their anisotropic structures. In this work, we have investigated the interfacial structures of a representative D-A copolymer donor PBDB-T with a well-known A-D-A structured nonfullerene acceptor ITIC, in comparison with a fullerene acceptor PC 71 BM, by means of atomistic simulations. It is found that owing to different side-chain steric hindrance between the polymer A and D units, both acceptors are more likely to approach the polymer A units, and more apparently for ITIC in consideration of the size and shape matching between the acceptors and the polymer A and D units. Importantly, docking of ITIC with polymer occurs mainly through local π-π interaction between the terminal moieties of ITIC and the A units of the polymer, and such interfacial structures are favorable for efficient exciton dissociation. Our work sheds light on the impact of sidechain nature and location as well as acceptor structures on D/A interfaces and charge-transfer dynamics, which will be very helpful for further improving the performance of organic photovoltaics.
The proposed procedure of virtual coil SAKE calibration and PEC-SENSE reconstruction substantially reduces all ghost-related artifacts originating either directly from SMS EPI data or indirectly from EPI-based coil sensitivity maps. It is computationally efficient, and generally applicable to all SMS EPI-based applications.
Licochalcone A (LCA), a licorice chalconoid, is considered to be a bioactive agent with chemopreventive potential. This study investigated the mechanisms involved in LCA-induced apoptosis in human bladder cancer T24 cells. LCA significantly inhibited cells proliferation, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and caused T24 cells apoptosis. Moreover, LCA induced mitochondrial dysfunction, caspase-3 activation, and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage, which displayed features of mitochondria-dependent apoptotic signals. Besides, exposure of T24 cells to LCA triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress; as indicated by the enhancement in 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP 78), growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 153/C/EBP homology protein (GADD153/CHOP) expression, ER stress-dependent apoptosis is caused by the activation of ER-specific caspase-12. All the findings from our study suggest that LCA initiates mitochondrial ROS generation and induces oxidative stress that consequently causes T24 cell apoptosis via the mitochondria-dependent and the ER stress-triggered signaling pathways.
This study reports an effective amidine-type n-dopant of 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) that can universally dope electron acceptors, including PC 61 BM, N2200, and ITIC, by mixing the dopant with the acceptors in organic solvents or exposing the acceptor films in the dopant vapor. The doping mechanism is due to its strong electron-donating property that is also confirmed via the chemical reduction of PEDOT:PSS (yielding color change). The DBU doping considerably increases the electrical conductivity and shifts the Fermi levels up of the PC 61 BM films. When the DBU-doped PC 61 BM is used as an electron-transporting layer in perovskite solar cells, the n-doping removes the "S-shape" of J-V characteristics, which leads to the fill factor enhancement from 0.54 to 0.76. Furthermore, the DBU doping can effectively lower the threshold voltage and enhance the electron mobility of PC 61 BMbased n-channel field-effect transistors. These results show that the DBU can be a promising n-dopant for solution-processed electronics.
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