An attractive method to response the current energy crisis and produce sustainable nonpolluting power source is harvesting energy from our living environment. However, the energy in our living environment always exists in low-frequency form, which is very difficult to be utilized directly. Here, we demonstrated a novel sandwich-shape triboelectric nanogenerator to convert low-frequency mechanical energy to electric energy with double frequency. An aluminum film was placed between two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes to realize frequency multiplication by twice contact electrifications within one cycle of external force. The working mechanism was studied by finite element simulation. Additionally, the well-designed micro/nano dual-scale structures (i.e., pyramids and V-shape grooves) fabricated atop PDMS surface was employed to enhance the device performance. The output peak voltage, current density, and energy volume density achieved 465 V, 13.4 μA/cm(2), and 53.4 mW/cm(3), respectively. This novel nanogenerator was systematically investigated and also demonstrated as a reliable power source, which can be directly used to not only lighten five commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs) but also drive an implantable 3-D microelectrode array for neural prosthesis without any energy storage unit or rectification circuit. This is the first demonstration of the nanogenerator for directly driving biomedical microsystems, which extends the application fields of the nanogenerator and drives it closer to practical applications.

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Lung cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease. Cancer cells and cells within the tumor microenvironment together determine disease progression, as well as response to or escape from treatment. To map the cell type-specific transcriptome landscape of cancer cells and their tumor microenvironment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we analyze 42 tissue biopsy samples from stage III/IV NSCLC patients by single cell RNA sequencing and present the large scale, single cell resolution profiles of advanced NSCLCs. In addition to cell types described in previous single cell studies of early stage lung cancer, we are able to identify rare cell types in tumors such as follicular dendritic cells and T helper 17 cells. Tumors from different patients display large heterogeneity in cellular composition, chromosomal structure, developmental trajectory, intercellular signaling network and phenotype dominance. Our study also reveals a correlation of tumor heterogeneity with tumor associated neutrophils, which might help to shed light on their function in NSCLC.

We present a single-friction-surface triboelectric generator (STEG). The STEG is transparent and flexible, making possible the use of triboelectric generators in an extended range of applications. This device is fabricated in a simple and very low-cost way. When tapped with a finger, the STEG with micro-patterned PDMS surface achieved an open-circuit voltage over 130 V with a short-circuit current density of about 1 mA cm À2 . A STEG with a flat PET surface is employed as a transparent cover on the screen of a smartphone to generate electric energy from the control motion of the users. The STEG can directly power 3 LEDs when the phone screen is tapped during normal use. In addition, based on the STEG, we have developed a self-powered visualized touch sensor with 4 STEGs serving as the touch pads. The STEG shows promise for applications in systems such as self-powered touch panels and artificial skins.

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Piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators (NGs) have been proposed in the past few years to effectively harvest mechanical energy from the environment. Here, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer is placed under the aluminum electrode of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), thus forming an r-shaped hybrid NG. Micro/nanostructures have been fabricated on the PDMS surface and the aluminum electrodes of PVDF to enhance the output performance. Power densities of the piezoelectric part and the triboelectric part are 10.95 and 2.04 mW/cm(3), respectively. Moreover, influence of the triboelectric charges on the piezoelectric output voltage is investigated. Both finite element method simulations and experimental measurements are conducted to verify this phenomenon. The novel hybrid NG is also demonstrated as a power source for consumer electronics. Through one cycle of electric generation, 10 light-emitting diodes are lighted up instantaneously, and a 4-bit liquid crystal display can display continuously for more than 15 s. Besides, the device is integrated into a keyboard to harvest energy in the typing process.

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