The development of new drugs is multidisciplinary and systematic work. High-throughput techniques based on "-omics" have driven the discovery of biomarkers in diseases and therapeutic targets of drugs. A transcriptome is the complete set of all RNAs transcribed by certain tissues or cells at a specific stage of development or physiological condition. Transcriptome research can demonstrate gene functions and structures from the whole level and reveal the molecular mechanism of specific biological processes in diseases. Currently, gene expression microarray and high-throughput RNA-sequencing have been widely used in biological, medical, clinical, and drug research. The former has been applied in drug screening and biomarker detection of drugs due to its high throughput, fast detection speed, simple analysis, and relatively low price. With the further development of detection technology and the improvement of analytical methods, the detection flux of RNAseq is much higher but the price is lower, hence it has powerful advantages in detecting biomarkers and drug discovery. Compared with the traditional RNA-seq, scRNA-seq has higher accuracy and efficiency, especially the single-cell level of gene expression pattern analysis can provide more information for drug and biomarker discovery. Therefore, (sc) RNA-seq has broader application prospects, especially in the field of drug discovery. In this overview, we will review the application of these technologies in drug, especially in natural drug and biomarker discovery and development. Emerging applications of scRNA-seq and the third generation RNA-sequencing tools are also discussed.

Lung squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) accounts for about 30% of all lung cancer cases. Understanding of mutational landscape for this subtype of lung cancer in Chinese patients is currently limited. We performed whole exome sequencing in samples from 100 patients with lung SQCCs to search for somatic mutations and the subsequent target capture sequencing in another 98 samples for validation. We identified 20 significantly mutated genes, including TP53, CDH10, NFE2L2 and PTEN. Pathways with frequently mutated genes included those of cell-cell adhesion/Wnt/Hippo in 76%, oxidative stress response in 21%, and phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase in 36% of the tested tumor samples. Mutations of Chromatin regulatory factor genes were identified at a lower frequency. In functional assays, we observed that knockdown of CDH10 promoted cell proliferation, soft-agar colony formation, cell migration and cell invasion, and overexpression of CDH10 inhibited cell proliferation. This mutational landscape of lung SQCC in Chinese patients improves our current understanding of lung carcinogenesis, early diagnosis and personalized therapy.

These results show that leaf essential oil of F. koreana has great potential as a natural food preservative, antibacterial and antioxidant agent.

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Exosomes, which form a class of extracellular vesicles (EVs), are membrane-bound lipid nanovesicles with sizes typically in the Exosomes, a class of small extracellular vesicles (30-150 nm), are secreted by almost all types of cells into virtually all body fluids. These small vesicles are attracting increasing research attention owing to their potential for disease diagnosis and therapy. However, their inherent heterogeneity and the complexity of bio-fluids pose significant challenges for their isolation. Even the "gold standard," differential centrifugation, suffers from poor yields and is time-consuming. In this context, recent developments in microfluidic technologies have provided an ideal system for exosome extraction and these devices exhibit some fascinating properties such as high speeds, good portability, and low sample volumes. In this review, the focus is on the state-ofthe-art microfluidic technologies for exosome isolation and highlight potential directions for future research and development by analyzing the challenges faced by the current strategies. range of 30-150 nm. [1] They are secreted by almost all cells into diverse bio-fluids, including blood, urine, breast milk, saliva, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid. [2] The discovery of exosomes dates back to the 1980s, but for many years after their discovery, they were regarded as "dust". [3,4] However, recent studies have shown that they play a crucial role in intercellular communication. [5,6] The biogenesis of exosomes includes double invagination of membranes, formation of intracellular multivesicular bodies (MVBs), and the release of exosomes (Figure 1). The first invagination process (plasma-membrane budding) generates early-sorting endosomes (ESEs) that can develop into late-sorting endosomes (LSEs). The LSEs are invaginated once again to form MVBs containing intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). Finally, the MVBs fuse with the plasma membrane to release ILVs (exosomes). [7] After release, these exosomes are taken up by recipient cells via multiple processes, such as macropinocytosis, fusion with the cell membrane, clathrin-dependent endocytosis, and phagocytosis. [8] The exosomes uptaken can act either at the surface of the recipient cells or deliver functional cargo in their bulk, thus affecting recipient-cell behavior. [9] Thus, exosomes play a key role in various physiological and pathological processes, including mammalian reproduction and development, immune responses, and disease progression. [10] Exosomes are reported to exhibit many excellent characteristics for clinical applications (Figure 2). 1) They can reflect the real-time state of the original cell, as they are actively secreted by living cells. 2) They are abundant in virtually all biological fluids (up to 10 10 vesicles per mL). [11] 3) Exosomes have enriched contents, including cell-surface substances and cytoplasmic constituents (including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites). Furthermore, exosomes can not only protect enzyme-sensitive cargos from degradation, but also ...