1. Introduction 4296 2. Chemical Constituents 4297 2.1. Sesquiterpenoids (Table 1) 4297 2.2. Higher Diterpenoids 4297 2.2.1. ent-Abietanes, ent-Atisanes, ent-Kauranes, ent-Isopimaranes, and ent-Pimaranes (Tables 1-9) 4297 2.2.2. Other Diterpenoids 4298 2.3. Lower Diterpenoids 4299 2.3.1. Casbanes (Table 10) 4299 2.3.2. Jatrophanes (Tables 11-28) 4299 2.3.3. Lathyranes (Tables 29-33) 4299 2.3.4. Myrsinanes, Cyclomyrsinanes, and Premyrcinanes (Tables 34-43) 4299 2.3.5. Jatropholanes (Table 44) 4302 2.3.6. Daphnanes (Table 45) 4303 2.3.7. Tiglianes (Tables 46-48) 4305 2.3.8. Ingenanes (Tables 49-52) 4305 2.3.9. Segetanes, Paralianes, Pepluanes, and Euphoractines (Tables 53-58) 4305 2.4. Triterpenoids (Tables 59-65) 4307 2.5. Steroids (Tables 66 and 67) 4308 2.6. Cerebrosides and Glycerols (Tables 68 and 69) 4310 2.7. Phenolics (Tables 70 and 71) 4311 2.8. Flavonoids (Table 72) 4311 2.9. Miscellaneous Compounds (Table 73) 4311 3. Hypothetical Biogenetic Route of the Rearranged Diterpenoids 4313

No abstract

Activation of IκB kinase β (IKK-β) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling contributes to cancer pathogenesis and inflammatory disease; therefore, the IKK-β−NF-κB signaling pathway is a potential therapeutic target. Current drug design strategies focus on blocking NF-κB signaling by binding to specific cysteine residues on IKK-β. However, mutations in IKK-β have been found in patients who may eventually develop drug resistance. For these patients, a new generation of IKK-β inhibitors are required to provide novel treatment options. We demonstrate in vitro that cysteine-46 (Cys-46) is an essential residue for IKK-β kinase activity. We then validate the role of Cys-46 in the pathogenesis of inflammation using delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and an IKK-βC46A transgenic mouse model. We show that a novel IKK-β inhibitor, dihydromyricetin (DMY), has anti-inflammatory effects on WT DTH mice but not IKK-βC46A transgenic mice. These findings reveal the role of Cys-46 in the promotion of inflammatory responses, and suggest that Cys-46 is a novel drug-binding site for the inhibition of IKK-β.

The plants of genus Celastrus, distributed in Asia, have been used as natural insecticides and folk medicines to treat fever, chill, joint pain, edema, rheumatoid arthritis, and bacterial infection in China for a long time. This contribution reviews the chemical constituents, isolated from the plants in genus Celastrus in the past few decades, and their biological activities. The compounds listed are sesquiterpenes (beta-agarofurans), diterpenes, triterpenes, alkaloids, and flavonoids.