The experiment was performed to compare the effects of fermented soybean meal (fermented with Aspergillus oryzae 3.042, FSBM) and soybean meal on digestive enzyme activities and intestinal morphology in broilers. Three hundred twenty 1-d-old Ross x Ross male broiler chicks were randomly allocated into 2 dietary treatments for a 6-wk feeding trial, including 0- to 21-d and 21- to 42-d periods. At the end of each stage, 8 broilers of each treatment were killed, and pancreas, small intestine digesta, and duodenum, jejunum, and ileum segments were collected for digestive enzymes and intestinal morphology evaluation. Results of the experiment showed that replacing soybean meal with FSBM in diet increased the activities of trypsin, lipase, and protease significantly in intestinal content of starter broilers (P<0.05) and enhanced the protease activity of grower broilers (P<0.05). Amylase activity was not affected in both feeding periods by the treatments. Compared with the control, broilers fed with FSBM had lower pancreatic trypsin activity (P<0.05) in the starter phase. There were no significant differences on lipase, amylase, and protease activity between the treatments in both growth phases. Increased villus height (P<0.05) and decreased crypt depth (P<0.05) of jejunum mucosa could be observed in the whole growth stage of broilers fed with FSBM. Also, duodenal villus height of starter chicks was also significantly increased (P<0.05).
The objective of the current experiment was to investigate the effect of Bacillus subtilis fermented soybean meal (FSBM) on intestinal morphology and digestive enzyme activities in piglets. Sixty crossbred (Duroc x Landrance x Yorkshire) piglets at an average weight of 8.62 kg were randomly allotted to two treatments and fed diets containing soybean meal (SBM) and FSBM, respectively. At the end of the experimental period, six piglets of each treatment were slaughtered humanly to collect the contents and tissue samples at three different locations in small intestine. Light microscopy and scanning electron indicated that piglets fed FSBM had a higher (P<0.05) villus height at three different locations of small intestine and had la ower (P<0.05) crypt depth in the duodenum compared to piglets fed SBM. The results showed that activities of total protease and trypsin at the duodenum and jejunum of piglets fed with FSBM increased (P<0.05) compared with the control. The trypsin activity in the pancreas of piglets decreased (P<0.05) when they were fed with FSBM. The results showed that FSBM improved intestinal morphology and digestive enzyme activities in weaned piglets.
Soybean-specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies increased, with high levels of histamine release, severe degranulation of mast cells and damage of the epithelium of small intestine in mice sensitized with glycinin and beta-conglyinin.
This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary betaine (0, 0.125%) on performance, carcass composition, pork quality and hepatic betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) activity of crossbred finishing barrows. Three replicates of ten pigs were used for each treatment. The results showed that average daily gain, feed intake and feed conversion were not affected by betaine. Compared with the control group, pigs treated with betaine had a 8.17% (p<0.05) decrease in carcass fat percentage, and a 8.84% (p<0.05) reduction in 10th-rib backfat thickness, but dressing percentage, percentage lean, longissimus muscle area, and average backfat thickness were not affected. There were also no significant differences in muscle color score, marbling score, pork pH value and water loss rate between the control and betaine-treated groups. Hepatic betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) activity was significantly increased by 13.97% (p<0.05) when pigs were offered 0.125% betaine.
Sixteen patients were alive at time of analysis. Median follow-up was 4.1 years for all patients and 14 years for living patients. At 15 years, local control rate was 78%, regional control rate was 92%, and localregional control rate was 74%. Cause-specific and disease-free survival rates were 49% at 5 years and 35% at 10 and 15 years. Fifteen percent had a contralateral breast failure. The rate of distant metastases was 59% at 10 years and 61% at 15 years. Overall survival rate was 48% at 5 years, 32% at 10 years, and 23% at 15 years. The 10 patients who received preoperative RT (median dose, 55 Gy) but not surgery fared poorly, with 9 dying of disease; the median time to death was 1.4 years. The 10-year survival rate for the no-surgery group was 20% compared to 25% in the preoperative RT and surgery group and 35% in the postoperative RT group (P Z 0.22). Patients treated once daily (median dose, 50 Gy) had a 10-year local control rate of 78% and regional control rate of 91%. This was comparable to the twice-daily arm (median dose, 51 Gy), which had a local control rate of 76% (P Z 0.69) and regional control rate of 100% (P Z 0.22). Per CTCAE version 4.0, 26 (30.2%) patients experienced lymphedema: 3 with grade 3; 11 with grade 2; 12 with grade 1. In 5 of these patients, lymphedema was permanent. There were 6 grade 3 and 1 grade 4 complications during chemotherapy. No grade 5 toxicity occurred. Conclusion: IBC is an aggressive disease that is routinely self-detected by patients. Once-daily versus twice-daily RT did not affect control rates in this cohort. Patients who did not receive trimodality therapy, especially those who did not proceed to surgery, had a particularly poor prognosis. Nearly a quarter of patients achieve long-term survival.
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