The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Historical Background 3. Properties 3.1. Physical State 3.2. Viscosity 3.3. Other Physical Properties 3.4. Chemical Properties 4. Raw Materials for Sulfur Production 4.1. Elemental Sulfur Resources 4.2. Sulfide Ores 4.3. Fossil Fuels 4.4. Sulfates 5. Production from Native Deposits 5.1. Flotation 5.2. Melting Out 5.3. Distillation 5.4. Flotation with Melting Out 5.5. The Frasch Process 5.5.1. Structure of “Fraschable” Sulfur Deposits 5.5.2. Outline of the Process 5.5.3. Sulfur Purity 5.5.4. Energy Consumption 5.5.5. The U.S. Frasch Industry 5.5.6. The Mexican Frasch Industry 6. The Claus Process 6.1. Occurrence of Hydrogen Sulfide 6.2. Hydrogen Sulfide Removal from Gases 6.3. History of the Claus Process 6.4. Chemistry of the Claus Process 6.5. Claus Plant Configurations 6.6. The Claus ‐ Oxygen Process 6.7. Troubleshooting 6.8. Optimization of Sulfur Recovery Units by Use of Analyzers 7. Increased Sulfur Recovery 7.1. Selective Oxidation 7.1.1. The Superclaus Process, the Euroclaus ® Process 7.1.2. The Recycle Selectox Process 7.1.3. The Once‐Through Selectox Process 7.2. Tail Gas Treatment 7.2.1. Sub‐Dewpoint Processes 7.2.1.1. The Sulfreen, Hydrosulfreen, and Doxosulfreen Processes 7.2.1.2. The CBA Process 7.2.1.3. The MCRC Process 7.2.2. Processes Working on Reduced Tail Gases 7.2.2.1. The SCOT and Super‐SCOT Processes 7.2.2.2. The Sulften Process 7.2.2.3. Solvents for Regenerative H 2 S Removal 7.2.2.4. The BSR/Selectox Process 7.2.3. Processes Working on Oxidized Tail Gas 7.2.3.1. The Wellman ‐ Lord Process 7.2.3.2. The Clintox Process 7.2.4. Biodesulfurization; Thiopaq Process 7.3. Purification 7.3.1. Arsenic and Selenium Removal 7.3.2. Melting of Stretford Sulfur 7.3.3. Degassing of Claus Sulfur 7.4. Sulfur Management; the OmniSulf Process 8. Gas‐Phase Reduction of Sulfur Dioxide 8.1. The Allied Chemicals Process 8.2. Other Processes with Gas as Reducing Agent 8.3. Processes with Coke or Coal as Reducing Agent 9. Commercial Grades and Forms of Sulfur 9.1. Quality 9.2. Commercial Forms for Bulk Transport 9.2.1. Dry Bulk Sulfur 9.2.2. Liquid Sulfur 9.2.3. Formed Sulfur 9.2.3.1. Slating 9.2.3.2. Wet Pelletizing (Water Prilling) 9.2.3.3. Air Prilling 9.2.3.4. Other Prilling Processes 9.2.3.5. Drum Granulation: The Procor GX Process 9.2.3.6. Spouted Bed Granulation 9.3. Special Forms and Grades 10. Uses 10.1. Agriculture 10.2. Construction Materials 10.3. Sulfur‐Containing Batteries 10.4. Other Potential Uses
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The sections in this article are Occurrence of Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide Removal from Gases History of the Claus Process Chemistry of the Claus Process Typical Claus Plant Claus Catalysts Desirable Properties of Claus Catalysts Deactivation of Claus Catalysts Classification of Claus Catalysts Surface Reactions on a Claus Catalyst Adsorption of Sulfur Dioxide Adsorption of Hydrogen Sulfide Adsorption of Sulfur Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulfide (Claus Reaction) Typical Design of a Claus Reactor Sulfur Recovery Increase Claus and Oxygen Fit Together Superclaus and Euroclaus Process Tail Gas Treating Units
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