Objective: To investigate forbidden (by law) pharmaceutical compounds in antirheumatic jamu (herbal medicine).Methods: Analysis of forbidden pharmaceutical ingredients into jamu was performed using the color reaction, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and densitometry. Color reactions included organoleptic, solubility test and the color reaction, TLC using a stationary phase of silica gel GF 254 and a mobile phase of chloroform; acetone (80:20) was then measured with a densitometer.Results: Found from 7 herbal antirheumatic known in the market, three of which were synthetic compounds containing paracetamol and dexamethasone additions on one of them. Conclusion:There was a synthetic drug that was added to the herbal medicine namely jamu sold in the community. The obtained results suggest that the authorities more intensively to monitor the manufacture and distribution of jamu and herbal medicines.
AbstrakEceng gondok (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.) memiliki kandungan selulosa yang tinggi sehingga berpotensi sebagai sumber bahan baku pembuatan carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (Na-CMC). Kandungan α-selulosa dapat mempengaruhi kualitas Na-CMC. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik Na-CMC yang dihasilkan dari sintesis alfa selulosa eceng gondok dari dua wilayah tempat tumbuh yang berbeda yaitu Jatinangor dan Lembang Jawa Barat. Metode yang dilakukan meliputi isolasi α-selulosa menggunakan natrium hidroksida 30%, sintesis Na-CMC melalui tahap alkalinasi menggunakan natrium hidroksida 40% dan karboksimetilasi dengan natrium monokloroasetat; penambahan crosslinker epiklorohidrin; dan karakterisasi Na-CMC. Hasil isolasi α-selulosa dan sintesis Na CMC dari eceng gondok Jatinangor dan Lembang yaitu kadar α-selulosa masing-masing 76,53% dan 71,35%; rendemen Na-CMC sebesar 96,87% dan 85,03%. Hasil karakterisasi Na-CMC menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada nilai WHC (Water Holding Capacity) namun tidak terdapat perbedaan pada nilai OHC (Oil Holding Capacity) dari Na-CMC hasil sintesis dari tanaman eceng gondok yang tumbuh di Jatinangor dan Lembang.Kata kunci: Eceng gondok, α-Selulosa, Na-CMC, Karakterisasi, WHC, OHC Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Sodium (Na-CMC) from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) Cellulose) Growing inJatinangor and Lembang Abstract Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.) has a high cellulose content so it is potential source for sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) synthesis. Cellulose content has effect for Na-CMC quality. This study aimed to perform the characteristics of Na-CMC synthesized from water hyacinth that different growth place, in Jatinangor and Lembang. The methods was included alfa cellulose isolation using 30% sodium hydroxide; synthesis of Na-CMC through alkalination phase using 40% sodium hydroxide and carboxymethylation with sodium monochloroacetate; the addition of epichlorohydrin crosslinker; and characterization of Na-CMC.The result of α-cellulose isolation and Na CMC synthesized from Jatinangor and Lembang water hyacinth were 76.53% and 71.35%, respectively; Na-CMC yield from synthesis were 96.87% and 85.03%. The results of Na CMC characterization showed significant differences in WHC (Water Holding Capacity) from both places but not significant in OHC (Oil Holding Capacity) value.
Objective: This study aims to determine whether there are lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) metals caused by the dilution of color on a locally illustrated plate.Methods: Illustrated ceramic plates soaked for ½, 1, and 2 hrs in acidic solution were then measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer to the availability of Pb and Cd. Results:The results showed that in the three samples of locally made illustrated ceramic plates gave contamination of Pb and Cd. The highest Pb content of metal contamination at the time of ½ hr immersion in the sample plate of the brand B was equal to 1.2539 ppm. At the time of 1 hr immersion in the sample plate of the brand, C was equal to 0.7737 ppm. The highest Cd content of metal contamination at the time of ½ hr immersion in the sample plate of the brand B was 0.2690. Conclusion:The results of this study indicated that the locally made illustrated plate could cause pollution of Pb and Cd. These results suggested caution in the use of decorated ceramic plates, especially, for acidic foods and the need for further research for various brands of ceramic plates display in the market.
Until now, analysis of Ofloxacin in human blood plasma using solid-phase extraction (SPE) by HPLC UV detector has not been reported. This study aims to determine the validity of analytical methods in Ofloxacin study in human blood plasma (in vitro) using an HPLC SPE UV detector. Plasma samples were extracted by SPE. Analytes were analyzed using a C18 column (octadecylsilane) 250x4.6 mm, particle size 10 µm, mobile phase 85,5:14,5 v v 0.025 M phosphate buffer (pH 2.2) and acetonitrile with a flow rate of 2 ml/min, detection performed at 294 nm with the internal standard ciprofloxacin. Validated analytical method was based on the parameters: selectivity, accuracy, precision, repeatability, linearity, LOD, LOQ, and the suitability of the system. Validation analysis showed selectivity test Rs>1.5, test repeatability with CV(%) <10%, linearity was obtained in the range of 0.1 to 6 µg/ml with correlation coefficient (r) from 0.9998 to 0.9999. Based on the area ratio of peak height and a segment of the chromatogram obtained LOD values 0.023 and 0.024 µg/ml, LOQ value of 0.076 and 0.080 tg/ml, percent accuracy from 94.32 to 100.45% and 97.68 to 101.63%, and precision CV (%) 0.31 to 0.85% and 0.84 to 1.08%. System suitability test results on the retention time, area ratio, and high ratios of peak chromatogram shows the CV(%) <10%. Can be concluded that the analytical methods used have validity in accordance with the requirements.
Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of ethanol extract, fractions of water, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane from tauco.Methods: Two types of tauco were extracted using soxhletation methods, followed by fractionation using liquid-liquid extraction methods, and phytochemical screening. Antioxidant activity test was carried out using 1,1-diphenyl-2-pikrilhiradzil with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) as a reference. Modified method of Farnsworth was applied for phytochemical screening.Results: It was found that extracts of ethanol and ethyl acetate fraction containing flavonoids, monoterpenoid, and sesquiterpenoids whereas the water fraction and a fraction of n-hexane only contain monoterpenes and sesquiterpenoids. The inhibition concentration 50 (IC 50 ) value for the ethanol extract, water, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions of two taucos in a row were 1192.71 ppm, 1746.01 ppm, 722.38 ppm, 1845.45 ppm and 1190.15 ppm, 1740.30, 710.46, for tauco A and B, respectively. Conclusion:It was unexpected that tauco ethanol extract and fractions showed much weaker antioxidant activity than vitamin C, which had the IC 50 value of 4.41 ppm.
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