This paper is a research article for finding the optimal control of smart power substations for improving the network parameters and reliability. The included papers are the most essential and main studies in the field, which propose a different approach to reach the best performance in electrical power systems. The parameters for improvement are the ability for tracking of the reference signal, stabilizing the system, reducing the error in steady state and controlling the behavior in transient state. The research focuses with the reaching a better transient stability considering voltage and frequency dynamic parameters. The optimal model for the control is focused on minimizing energy consumption but maintaining the controllable parameters, exploring some optimization techniques to find the optimal control, with of aim of minimizing the response time, the energy consumption, and maximizing the reliability by means of improving the controller to be more robust.
This paper proposes a three-layer model to find the optimal routing of an underground electrical distribution system, employing the PRIM algorithm as a graph search heuristic. In the algorithm, the first layer handles transformer allocation and medium voltage network routing, the second layer deploys the low voltage network routing and transformer sizing, while the third presents a method to allocate distributed energy resources in an electric distribution system. The proposed algorithm routes an electrical distribution network in a georeferenced area, taking into account the characteristics of the terrain, such as streets or intersections, and scenarios without squared streets. Moreover, the algorithm copes with scalability characteristics, allowing the addition of loads with time. The model analysis discovers that the algorithm reaches a node connectivity of 100%, satisfies the planned distance constraints, and accomplishes the optimal solution of underground routing in a distribution electrical network applied in a georeferenced area. Simulating the electrical distribution network tests that the voltage drop is less than 2% in the farthest node.
El trabajo presenta un análisis de los sistemas en el dominio de frecuencias, dado importancia y amplio uso para diferentes áreas de la ciencia y la ingeniería como el diseño de sistemas de control. Vinculado al análisis del dominio en frecuencia, se ocupa del uso de la herramienta gráfica de los diagramas de Bode, que se utiliza para visualizar las acciones necesarias para que los sistemas propuestos sean estables a través de la inclusión de varios controladores como PI o PID. Los resultados obtenidos permiten corroborar la importancia y el potencial del análisis en el dominio de frecuencias para los casos comunes de sistemas expresados como funciones de transferencia.
Dentro de los Sistemas de Distribución Eléctrica (SDE), los consumidores generan la demanda energética, lo que es tema principal de discusión, puesto que es necesario satisfacer la misma. A partir de este punto, es importante considerar que el hecho de entregar energía desde los puntos de generación centralizada hasta las cargas supone una gran inversión y gasto, si se pone sobre la mesa las siguientes consideraciones: pérdidas de energía, costos de operación, niveles de voltaje, etc. La Generación Distribuida (GD), usando energías renovables no convencionales (ERNC), abre un espacio como posible solución a los problemas mencionados, dado que la GD se ubica en puntos estratégicos y cercanos a las cargas y cuentan con la capacidad de satisfacer la demanda requerida en dicho nodo, como también entregar energía al SDE, de ser necesario; por lo que se logra minimizar los problemas técnicos, económicos y operativos que puedan existir. En este documento se expone la óptima ubicación y dimensionamiento de las unidades de GD con tecnología fotovoltaica que serán introducidas al SDE por medio de un algoritmo, que permita minimizar los costos de operación, basado en el método de generación de columnas que será implementado; además de generar una micro red sin enrutamiento, que represente un escenario, lo más real posible, a partir de la georreferenciación con ayuda de la teoría de grafos que se implementará en MATLAB.
Photovoltaic (PV) generation systems have become part of the electrical distribution networks due to their clean energy and adaptability. The increasing energy consumption and the several load types in the distribution network could produce voltage deviation. Therefore, there are some strategies, which are used to solve this problem, for example, capacitor banks, voltage regulators, transformer tap variation, static Var compensators, and reactive power exchange employing inverters.This article presents a smart inverter able to deliver and absorb reactive power through Volt-Var control to solve voltage deviations. The inverter compensates for voltage deviation in the primary transformer, whether inductive or capacitive loads are connected in the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). In consequence, the inverter improves the voltage quality in the entire network. Finally, Total Harmonics Percentage (THD) and frequency deviation have an acceptable performance during the operation, due to the inverter hardware configuration, and the phase-locked loop (PLL) implementation.
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