Resumo: Neste artigo adotamos uma metodologia de questionamento indireto para medir as opiniões de estudantes da UnB acerca do uso da cor/raça como um critério de admissão à Universidade. Partimos da hipótese de que opiniões sobre políticas afirmativas não são obtidas com confiabilidade em surveys convencionais, pois o grupo não elegível ao benefício (no caso, os estudantes brancos) poderia ocultar uma resposta de oposição por receio de parecer preconceituoso. Esse efeito é conhecido na literatura como efeito da desejabilidade social. Portanto, adotamos uma metodologia que garante privacidade aos respondentes, denominada experimento de listas, para medir as opiniões sinceras dos estudantes acerca do sistema de cotas raciais. Porém os resultados mostraram que o viés nas opiniões ocorreu, de forma inesperada, no grupo de estudantes elegíveis às cotas (afrodescendentes e indígenas). Precisamente, eles apoiaram fortemente o sistema de cotas raciais (68,3%) quando tiveram privacidade nas respostas, mas na pergunta direta demonstraram apenas uma tímida aprovação (29,0%). Chamamos esse efeito de efeito de inibição.Paralelamente, os estudantes brancos não demonstraram nenhum efeito de desejabilidade social, contrariando alguns achados de pesquisas similares nos EUA.Palavras-chave: atitudes políticas; experimento de survey; efeito de survey; políticas de ação afirmativa Abstract: In this article, we adopt an indirect questioning methodology to measure attitudes toward the use of race as a criterion for admission in Brazilian higher education institutions. We hypothesize that attitudes toward such affirmative action policies cannot be measured by conventional survey questions because non-eligible students -mostly white students -may fear to appear prejudiced by showing opposition to them. This survey effect is known as the social desirability effect. Thus we adopt a list experiment to measure students' sincere attitudes toward the race-based quota admission system. We find that white students do not over-report their approval of racial quotas in university admissions. But, the results show that quota eligible students, Afro and indigenous Brazilians, tend to overwhelmingly under-report their approval of race quotas. Specifically, eligible students strongly approve of the racial quota system (68.3%) when provided privacy in their responses, but publicly voice only timid approval of it (29.0%). We label this effect as the inhibition effect. Moreover, we did not find a social desirability effect among white students, contrasting with some previous findings in the U.S.
School technology integration rarely begins with school or educator choice. It is part of a wider context where external and internal factors have direct influence on the goals and tools that are adopted over time. The objective of this study is to investigate the systemic conditions that contribute or inhibit the development of different activities by teachers making use of new media. We compiled a list of wellknown conditions for technology integration success and mapped these in the historical and culturally bound perspective of activity theory (cultural historical activity theory). We conducted a multiple case study analysis of four schools, public and private. The results point to unique and distinctive scenarios even when homogeneity would be expected, reinforcing the argument that material conditions do not determine pedagogical outcomes nor do they determine changes in practice. Beyond this, the study proposes a methodology that can help elicit tensions in technology integration, pointing to avenues for school development.
This paper aims to analyze Iberian influences, especially Portuguese, in the Brazilian political institutions. We understand that the institutions of the Portuguese colonial administration, which existed before the beginning of the colonization itself, were responsible for shaping Brazilian political practices up to the present day, transforming themselves into entrenched cultural values. To explain such factors, we adopt a theoretical framework based on the debate between traditional and modern State, based on Weber's Studies on State and Patrimonialism. We understand that one of the consequences of this historical heritage is the ongoing tension between a formally rational-legal organization and the common use of cordiality and the "Brazilian jeitinho", a Brazilian cultural pattern, as well as tolerance of practices that undermine formal institutions. We consider this practice an informal institution, per Levitsky and Helmke (2006) conceptualization. In order to prove such elements, we adopted a historical and cultural analysis of the Iberian heritage and later analyzed institutional data collected in the 2002 Brazilian Social Survey (PESB 2002)RESUMOO Presente artigo tem como intuito analisar a influência ibérica, notadamente portuguesa, nas instituições políticas brasileiras. Entendemos que as instituições da administração colonial portuguesa, existentes desde antes do início da colonização em si, foram responsáveis por moldar as práticas políticas brasileiras até os dias de hoje, transformando-se em valores culturais arraigados. Para explicar tais fatores adotamos um arcabouço teórico baseado no debate entre Estado tradicional e moderno, calcado nos Estudos de Weber acerca do Estado e do patrimonialismo. Entendemos que uma das consequências dessa herança histórica é a contínua tensão entre uma organização formalmente racional-legal, e o uso corriqueiro da cordialidade, do "jeitinho brasileiro", bem como a tolerância a práticas que ferem os aspectos institucionais formais referidos, mas são culturalmente aceitas. Para comprovar tais elementos adotamos uma análise histórica da herança ibérica e posteriormente analisamos alguns dados institucionais coletados na Pesquisa Social Brasileira de 2002.
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