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Historically, the height of the navicular is considered to be the best approximation of MLA height. The results of this study indicate that the footprint indices are highly correlated with navicular height, indicating that both navicular height measurements and footprint measurements are valid measures of MLA height. Multiple methods exist for measuring the height of the MLA; therefore, it is important to develop a standard set of measurements to be used when foot type is used as a variable in research studies or when making a clinical diagnosis.

The differences in loading patterns based on athletic task are important for understanding potential injury mechanisms. In addition, this information could be important for defining a return to play protocol for athletes who have had specific injuries.

Injury to the posteromedial corner (PMC) of the knee differs anatomically and biomechanically from isolated injury to the medial collateral ligament. Newer anatomic and biomechanical studies are refining the field's understanding of the medial side of the knee, as well as its role in multiple ligament injuries. Valgus instability places additional strain on a reconstructed anterior or posterior cruciate ligament, which can contribute to late graft failure. Injuries to the PMC may not heal without surgical repair or reconstruction, particularly when part of a multiple-ligament injury. Identification of PMC injury before cruciate reconstruction is important so that appropriate repair or reconstruction of the PMC and medial collateral ligament can be undertaken at the same time. This article reviews the relevant literature on the PMC, discusses reasons for selective operative management, and illustrates reconstructive strategies for PMC injuries occurring as part of a medial-sided or multiligament injury to the knee.

The medial collateral ligament complex is a primary stabilizer that combines static and dynamic resistance to direct valgus stress while contributing significant restraints to rotatory motion and anterior-posterior translation. Varying opinions exist among investigators regarding injury classification and treatment algorithms. Whereas most agree that the majority of isolated medial collateral ligament complex injuries can be treated nonoperatively, isolated injuries with chronic instability and multiligament injuries may require operative intervention. Substantial confounding factors are present within published reports, making comparative analyses and systematic review challenging. This review focuses on the anatomy and biomechanics of the medial structures of the knee; it discusses the clinical evaluation of complex injuries; and it reviews nonoperative and operative treatment methods.

Significant differences in forefoot loading patterns existed between cleat types. Based on the results of this study, it might be beneficial to increase the forefoot cushioning in cleats in an attempt to decrease loading in these regions of the foot.

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