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The carcinogenicity of benzene has been considered to be in part mediated by its chemically reactive metabolic product benzoquinone (BQ), which is formed from the intermediary metabolites phenol and hydroquinone (HQ). We have evaluated the DNA-binding capability of these chemicals in vitro and in vivo by postlabeling. Treatment of rat Zymbal glands in culture with phenol and HQ or direct reaction of BQ with DNA produced DNA adducts, which were detectable by the nuclease P1-enhanced 32P-postlabeling assay as 5'-32P-labeled 3',5'-bisphosphate products. The enhancement of sensitivity in this assay is based on the previous finding that nuclease P1 hydrolyzes the phosphate attached to the 3' side of normal nucleotides but not the corresponding phosphate of most aromatic/bulky adducted nucleotides. Also based on this hydrolytic property of nuclease P1, we developed an additional sensitive procedure that permitted the detection of DNA lesions as 5'-32P-labeled products of dinucleotides, pXpN, or of nucleoside monophosphates, pX, where X and N indicate an adducted nucleoside and a normal nucleoside respectively. In the latter assay, adducted DNA was first digested with nuclease P1 and acid phosphatase to yield XpN and N. The latter were then 32P-labeled to yield [5'-32P] pXpN or 32P-labeled and treated with venom phosphodiesterase to obtain [5'-32P]pX. After optimization of enzymatic conditions, the modified nuclease P1 assay yielded adduct recoveries similar to those obtained by the bisphosphate assay for in vitro phenol-, HQ- and BQ-DNA adducts. Neither of the nuclease P1-enhanced postlabeling procedures showed exposure-specific adducts in vivo in the bone marrow, Zymbal gland, liver and spleen of female Sprague-Dawley rats at 24 h after the last of four single, daily p.o. doses of 75 mg/kg phenol or 150 mg/kg phenol/HQ (1:1). Our results show that phenol, HQ and BQ produce adducts in vitro, but corresponding adducts are not detected in vivo with phenol and phenol/HQ, even when measured by the standard and modified nuclease P1 postlabeling methods capable of detecting 1 adduct in 10(9-10) DNA bases.

Thymine glycol (Tg) is a product of DNA damage by oxygen radicals generated by oxidative mutagens and carcinogens and ionizing radiation. The highly sensitive 32P-postlabeling assay was validated and optimized for the measurement of Tg generated in vitro by the reaction of dTp or calf thymus DNA with osmium tetroxide (OsO4). Adduct detection was enhanced by purification of Tg adducts using phenylboronate affinity chromatography or by preferential dephosphorylation of unmodified 3'-nucleotides with nuclease P1, nuclease S1, or polynucleotide kinase; Tg nucleotides were found to be resistant to limited enzymatic 3'-dephosphorylation. Two adducts were seen with OsO4-modified dTp, which may have been cis-Tg adducts, because they were retained on a phenylboronate column, and because OsO4 selectively forms cis-Tg adducts. With OsO4-modified DNA, several adducts were detected, two major derivatives of which coincided chromatographically with those seen in OsO4-modified dTp. The recoveries of major adducts were similar before and after enrichment by different methods, indicating that Tg adducts were resistant to enzymatic dephosphorylation. The efficacy of labeling of the two major Tg adducts by polynucleotide kinase was optimal at 60 microM ATP and higher, whereas it was about 3%, 50%, and 80% of the optimal rate at 2, 10, and 30 microM, respectively. This was in contrast to our previous finding that only 0.25 microM ATP was needed for optimal labeling of benzoquinone-DNA adducts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Zusammenfassung: Es wird ein reaktionskinetisches Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Glucose in biologischen Flüssig-keiten beschrieben. Dabei wird mittels Glucosedehydrogenase Glucose zu Gluconsäure oxydiert und NAD zu NADH reduziert. Die Bildungsgeschwindigkeit des NADH wird in einem LKB Reaction-Rate-Meter verfolgt. Neben der Analogdarstellung wird die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit mit einem neu entwickelten Kinetikrechner bestimmt und die Spezifikationen des Rechners werden beschrieben.Vorzug des neuen Verfahrens ist die hohe Durchsatzgeschwindigkeit und gute Reproduzierbarkeit der Resultate. Enzyme kinetic determination of glucoseSummary: A reaction kinetic method is described for the determination of glucose in biological fluids. Glucose is oxidized to gluconic acid and NAD is reduced to NADH in the presence of glucose dehydrogenase. The rate of formation of NADH is followed in a LKB Reaction-Rate-Meter. Together with the analogue read-out, the rate of reaction is determined with a newly developed kinetic calculator. The specifications of the calculator are given.The new method has the advantage of a high rate of throughput and good reproducibility.

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