Limbah tulang ikan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai tepung tulang ikan untuk bahan tambahan dalam pembuatan cookies kaya kalsium. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil rendemen, tingkat penerimaan konsumen, kadar kalsium, serta daya simpan cookies. Penambahan tepung tulang ikan patin P1 (8%); P2 (16%); P3 (24%) dan tuna T1 (8%); T2(16%); T3 (24%) dilakukan sebagai substitusi tepung terigu. Cookies tanpa penambahan tepung tulang ikan (K) juga dibuat pada penelitian ini. Dari hasil perhitungan, diketahui rendemen tepung tulang ikan patin dan tuna, masing-masing sebesar 38.6% dan 43.6%. Tingkat penerimaan konsumen dilihat dari uji hedonik dimana diketahui bahwa cookies tanpa penambahan tepung tulang ikan (K) adalah yang paling disukai konsumen, dengan rata-rata 7.5. Kandungan kalsium pada cookies tulang ikan patin (P1) dan tuna (T1) adalah 47.7 mg/100 g dan 120.2 mg/100 g. Setelah 14 minggu penyimpanan, diketahui bahwa seluruh parameter sensori cookies tulang ikan patin dan tulang ikan tuna tidak berubah secara signifikan.
HighlightColloids in dairy wastewater could be destabilized by adding ferric chlorideAspergillus niger could increase protein and decreased the crude fiber in wheat branWheat bran fermentation could be carried out in room temperature during three daysFish feed formulation was conducted by solving simultaneous linear equationsSludge of dairy wastewater and fermented wheat bran could be utilized as fish feedAbstractDairy wastewater contains suspended solids, which are very difficult to settle naturally. This waste could be treated by using ferric chloride, due to its ability to bind suspended solid and to form brown solid of Iron (III) hydroxide. The optimal amount of FeCl3 in coagulating dairy wastewater was 0.15 g of FeCl3 for every 250 mL of wastewater. This sludge could be utilized into something useful for the organism. The sludge of dairy wastewater could be mixed with other ingredients to make fish feed. Wheat bran, one of the ingredients used to make fish feed, was fermented using Aspergillus niger to increase the crude protein content and to lower crude fiber content. The addition of fermented wheat bran in fish feed formulation could increase the crude protein content in feed B (which had 0.085% iron) by 5.78% and feed C (which had 1.703% iron) by 5.17%. By using simultaneous linear equations, fish feed formulation was conducted by adding sludge of dairy wastewater, fermented wheat bran, rebon flour, starch, and vitamin C. In this research, two variations of fish feeds were made (feed B and feed C). The results indicated that feed B and feed C had better stability and buoyancy than feed A, as the commercial feed. Feed C also had the biggest crude protein of all feeds, amounting to 32.057%. Feed C also gave the best result in increasing nile tilapia’s growth rate. The result showed that sludge of dairy wastewater and fermented wheat bran could be added to fish feed formulation.
Avicennia marina is a type of mangrove that is widely found in the coastal areas of Pangandaran Beach. In the leaves, there are alkaloid compounds, steroids and tritepenoid which are effective as antibacterial agents, besides that there are also flavonoid compounds that are effective as antioxidants. The antioxidant content in A. marina leaves can be used as a substitute for synthetic antioxidants BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene). Making soap by utilizing the antioxidant content in A. marina leaves was needed to replace synthetic antioxidants replace synthetic antioxidants that could cause allergies to the skin and carcinogenic. In this study, solid bath soap making with the addition of A. marina leaf extract used 4 treatments, namely P1 (0% leaf extract), P2 (2,07% leaf extract), P3 (4,14% leaf extract), P4 (6,21% leaf extract). The tests carried out were physical observation, pH, hedonic, foam height and foam stability, and cleanability test. It was known that the pH of all soap treatments met the standard. The hedonic test gave the result that P2 soap was the most preferred soap, with a score of 6,85. P4 provided the lowest level of foam stability and rigidity. From the overall observation, P2 was the best formulated solid bath soap.
The Jakarta Election 2017 was a phenomenal political event from many perspectives including in aspect of language use as political tool. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal violations of the principle of politeness in the speech of politicians and their implicatures on the political discourse of Jakarta Election in online news portal. This research used a qualitative approach with descriptive method. Analyzing data was conducted by applied Miles and Huberman approach with three stages: reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that politicians are dominant in violating the principle of politeness with 'high potential' to threaten the face of the hearers or the intended parties. Violations of the principle of politeness occurred in six maxims. Maxim of praise was the most dominant and the least violated was the maxim of generosity and inferiority. The enormous occurrence of maxim violation resulted in the act of speech becoming 'unpolite'.
Bakau merupakan tanaman yang banyak ditemukan di pesisir Indonesia, namun demikian belum banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai produk konsumsi, padahal bakau memiliki kandungan nutrisi dan antioksidan yang cukup tinggi. Pengembangan produk dari bahan baku buah bakau perlu dilakukan, salah satunya kopi analog dari buah bakau Rhizophora sp. dan Sonneratia sp. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan kandungan proksimat, antioksidan, tingkat kesukaan konsumen melalui uji hedonik dari masing-masing produksi kopi analog. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga perlakuan bahan baku yang berbeda yaitu kopi bubuk komersial murni jenis arabika (K0) sebagai kontrol, kopi analog dari buah bakau Rhizophora sp. (K1), dan Sonneratia sp. (K2). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase kadar air berkisar antara 3,33-7,31% dan kadar abu berkisar antara 2,57-3,16%, dari dua parameter tersebut, kedua sampel (K1 dan K2) telah memenuhi standar SNI Kopi 01-3542-2004. Sedangkan persentase kadar lemak berkisar antara 9,06-12,6% dan kadar protein 7,09-11,59% dari dua parameter tersebut nilai tertinggi diraih oleh perlakuan K3. Berdasarkan pengujian aktivitas antioksidan dalam satuan % inhibisi diperoleh hasil persentase antara 61,63-77,15% dengan nilai tertinggi diraih oleh K2. Berdasarkan uji hedonik diperoleh tingkat kesukaan warna (netral-suka), aroma (suka), rasa (suka), tekstur (suka). Perbedaan jenis bahan baku yang digunakan memberi pengaruh nyata pada aroma dan warna, sedangkan pada rasa dan tekstur tidak berpengaruh pada tingkat kesukaan.
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