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Many problems and issues affect the green construction process. Inaccurate assessment is one of the important factors for green construction. The objective of this study is to propose a BIM and ontology-based approach that enables the evaluation information of green construction to be inferred from a knowledge base in order to achieve scheme optimization. To automate the inference, this study established the BIM ontology that consists of BIM shared ontology and BIM construction ontology. First, IFC extension is adopted in green construction assessment system to generate attribute sets. IFC-based parameters stored in BIM models are mapped to OWL and will be used as the data source of the evaluation indicators. Then, BIM-shared ontology and BIM construction ontology are defined. Protégé is employed to simulate the evaluation indicator system. Last, utilizing BIM knowledge base, through the construction of SWRL rule language and the Drools inference, the scores of evaluation indicators could be obtained. The experimental results demonstrated that BIM knowledge base for the evaluation of green construction could realize the sharing, maintenance, and acquisition of knowledge among different participants of the project and improve the management of green construction. The proposed ontological inference of evaluation item enables an automated search of the aspects needing improvements in green construction and assist project managers in using BIM data more easily and effectively.

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Both multilayered (ML) and few-layered (FL) Ti3C2Tx nanosheets have been prepared through a typical etching and delaminating procedure. Various characterizations confirm that the dominant terminal groups on ML-Ti3C2Tx and FL-Ti3C2Tx are different, which have been assigned to O-related and hydroxyl groups, respectively. Such deviation of the dominant terminals results in the different physical and chemical performance and eventually makes the nanosheets have different potential applications. In particular, before coupling to Ag nanoparticles, ML-Ti3C2Tx can present stronger near-field enhancement effect; however, Ag/FL-Ti3C2Tx hybrid structure can confine stronger near-field due to the electron injection, which can be offered by the terminated hydroxyl groups.

Abstract:The electrostatic hazards of nitramine explosives (RDX, HMX) were assessed in this paper. The resistivities of different particle-size RDX and HMX were tested by a device designed and manufactured according to the standard ISO/ IEC 80079-20-2:2016. This work shows that the resistivities of uncompacted RDX and HMX increase as the particle size decreases. Charging characteristics test experiments were also carried out using a so-called sieve method. Using this method, the influence of aperture size on charge accumulation of RDX was studied, and the characteristics of electrostatic accumulation of different particle-size RDX and HMX sieved with 50 mesh standard sieve were compared. The results show that the absolute value of the charge accumulation increases as the mesh number increases (i.e. the aperture size decreases), and increases as the particle size is decreased, indicating that nano-sized RDX and nano-sized HMX accumulate static electricity more easily than conventional micron-sized ones. Finally, the electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitivity of nano-sized RDX and nano-sized HMX was investigated. Nano-sized nitramine explosives were found to have a higher ESD sensitivity than micron-sized ones.

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