Aquaculture is predicted to supply the majority of aquatic dietary protein by 2050. For aquaculture to deliver significantly enhanced volumes of food in a sustainable manner, appropriate account needs to be taken of its impacts on environmental integrity, farmed organism health and welfare and human health. Here, we explore increased aquaculture production through the One Health lens and define a set of success metrics -underpinned by evidence, policy and legislation -that must be embedded into aquaculture sustainability. We provide a framework for defining, monitoring and averting potential negative impacts of enhanced production -and consider interactions with landbased food systems. These metrics will inform national and international science and policy strategies to support improved aquatic food system design. MAINAquaculture is one of the fastest growing and highly traded food sectors globally -Asia accounts for 90% of production [1] and volumes are predicted to double by 2050 [1] (Supplement 1). Enhanced sustainable production (ESP) in aquaculture features within the Rome Declaration of the 2 nd International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP21) and in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development [2]. Achieving ESP is technically, socially and politically complex: the sector spans small homestead-scale production systems -underpinning food security in rural settings in low-and middle-income counties (LMICs)to medium sized farms that contribute to exports and high-technology industrial-scale production of globally traded products. More than 500 aquatic species are farmed in widely divergent social and legislative infrastructures -with different end goals. Thus, a holistic approach to the design and implementation of aquaculture systems is needed [3] -framed within the broader context of sustainable food systems [4].The sector offers many positive aspects: poverty alleviation in some of the lowest income regions [5], production increases from technological advances and selected species lines[6], the use of non-fed (e.g. molluscs) and extractive species (e.g. seaweed) [7] with benefits of farms for proximate marine biodiversity [8], comparatively lower environmental impact of some types of aquaculture [9,10] and smaller spatial footprints compared with both capture fisheries [11,12] and land-based agriculture [13]. However, numerous sustainability challenges must be addressed across the diverse range of aquaculture sectors. For example, economic gains in the global shrimp sector have been prioritised in spite of evidence of major mangrove forest degradation [14], bonded labour and social inequities [15], and potentially high carbon footprints [16,17]. The profitable northern hemisphere Atlantic

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Cyclic imines (CIs) are a group of phytoplankton produced toxins related to shellfish food products, some of which are already present in UK and European waters. Their risk to shellfish consumers is poorly understood, as while no human intoxication has been definitively related to this group, their fast acting toxicity following intraperitoneal injection in mice has led to concern over their human health implications. A request was therefore made by UK food safety authorities to examine these toxins more closely to aid possible management strategies. Of the CI producers only the spirolide producer Alexandrium ostenfeldii is known to exist in UK waters at present but trends in climate change may lead to increased risk from other organisms/CI toxins currently present elsewhere in Europe and in similar environments worldwide. This paper reviews evidence concerning the prevalence of CIs and CI-producing phytoplankton, together with testing methodologies. Chemical, biological and biomolecular methods are reviewed, including recommendations for further work to enable effective testing. Although the focus here is on the UK, from a strategic standpoint many of the topics discussed will also be of interest in other parts of the world since new and emerging marine biotoxins are of global concern.

Regular occurrence of brevetoxin-producing toxic phytoplankton in commercial shellfishery areas poses a significant risk to shellfish consumer health. Brevetoxins and their causative toxic phytoplankton are more limited in their global distribution than most marine toxins impacting commercial shellfisheries. On the other hand, trends in climate change could conceivably lead to increased risk posed by these toxins in UK waters. A request was made by UK food safety authorities to examine these toxins more closely to aid possible management strategies, should they pose a threat in the future. At the time of writing, brevetoxins have been detected in the Gulf of Mexico, the Southeast US coast and in New Zealand waters, where regulatory levels for brevetoxins in shellfish have existed for some time. This paper reviews evidence concerning the prevalence of brevetoxins and brevetoxin-producing phytoplankton in the UK, together with testing methodologies. Chemical, biological and biomolecular methods are reviewed, including recommendations for further work to enable effective testing. Although the focus here is on the UK, from a strategic standpoint many of the topics discussed will also be of interest in other parts of the world since new and emerging marine biotoxins are of global concern.

A refined version of the pre-column oxidation liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (ox-LC-FLD) official method AOAC 2005.06 was developed in the UK and validated for the determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in UK shellfish. Analysis was undertaken here for the comparison of PSP toxicities determined using the LC method for a range of UK bivalve shellfish species against the official European reference method, the PSP mouse bioassay (MBA, AOAC 959.08). Comparative results indicated a good correlation in results for some species (mussels, cockles and clams) but a poor correlation for two species of oysters (Pacific oysters and native oysters), where the LC results in terms of total saxitoxin equivalents were found to be on average more than double the values determined by MBA. With the potential for either LC over-estimation or MBA under-estimation, additional oyster and mussel samples were analysed using MBA and ox-LC-FLD together with further analytical and functional methodologies: a post-column oxidation LC method (LC-ox-FLD), an electrophysiological assay and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection. Results highlighted a good correlation among non-bioassay results, indicating a likely cause of difference was the under-estimation in the MBA, rather than an over-estimation in the LC results.

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Tetrodotoxin is a neurotoxin responsible for many human fatalities, most commonly following the consumption of pufferfish. Whilst the source of the toxin has not been conclusively proven, it is thought to be associated with various species of marine bacteria. Whilst the toxins are well studied in fish and gastropods, in recent years, there have been a number of reports of tetrodotoxin occurring in bivalve shellfish, including those harvested from the UK and other parts of Europe. This paper reviews evidence concerning the prevalence of tetrodotoxins in the UK together with methodologies currently available for testing. Biological, biomolecular and chemical methods are reviewed, including recommendations for further work. With the recent development of quantitative chromatographic methods for these and other hydrophilic toxins, as well as the commercial availability of rapid testing kits, there are a number of options available to ensure consumers are protected against this threat.