First evidence of an extensive northern European distribution of azaspiracid poisoning (AZP) toxins in shellfish

James, Kevin J.; Furey, Ambrose; Lehane, Mary; Ramstad, Hanne; Aune, Tore; Hovgaard, Peter; Morris, Steven; Higman, Wendy; Satake, Masayuki; Yasumoto, Takeshi

doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(02)00082-x

Cited by 144 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…been documented in shellfish from many coastal regions of western Europe (James et al, 2002;Brañ a Magdalena et al, 2003;Furey et al, 2003;Amzil et al, 2008), northern Africa (Taleb et al, 2006;Elgarch et al, 2008), China (Yao et al, 2010), and North America (Trainer et al, 2013). In addition, AZA have been found in Japanese sponges (Ueoka et al, 2009) and Scandinavian crabs (Torgersen et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Azadinium poporum from the Argentine Continental Shelf, Southwestern Atlantic, produces azaspiracid-2 and azaspiracid-2 phosphate

et al. 2016

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Azadinium poporum from the Argentine Continental Shelf, Southwestern Atlantic, produces azaspiracid-2 and azaspiracid-2 phosphate

et al. 2016

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“…This novel marine biotoxin was named azaspiracid (AZA). Since its discovery this compound and numerous analogues have been detected in a variety of bivalve species Rehmann et al, 2008), primarily from European countries including Ireland, United Kingdom, Norway, Netherlands, France, Spain, Portugal and Italy (Satake et al, 1998;Ito et al, 2002;James et al, 2002;Magdalena et al, 2003;Vale et al, 2008) and from Africa (Taleb et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Azadinium spinosumgen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins

Tillmann

Elbrächter

Krock

et al. 2009

European Journal of Phycology

250

218

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Azaspiracids (AZAs) are a group of lipophilic marine biotoxins associated with human incidents of shellfish poisoning. During a research cruise to the North Sea, we analysed size-fractionated plankton for AZA by mass spectrometry and successfully isolated an AZA-producing dinoflagellate from the east coast of Scotland. As shown previously, an axenic culture of this dinoflagellate produces AZA 1, AZA 2 and an isomer of AZA 2. Here we give a taxonomic description of this new taxon Azadinium spinosum gen. et sp. nov., as a de novo producer of AZAs. Azadinium spinosum is a small (12-16 mm length and 7-11 mm width) peridinin-containing photosynthetic dinoflagellate with a superficial resemblance under light microscopy to gymnodinioids, but with a thin theca. The large nucleus is spherical and located posteriorly, whereas the single chloroplast is parietal, lobed, and typically extends into both the epi-and hyposome. The Kofoidian thecal tabulation is APC, 4 0 , 3a, 6 00 , 6C, 5?S, 6 000 , 2 0000 . This plate pattern has an epithecal affinity to the Peridiniales and a hypothecal affinity to the Gonyaulacales, but is distinctly different from described dinoflagellate genera. The assignment of A. spinosum to the dinoflagellates is supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis of four genes, SSU rDNA, LSU rDNA (D1/D2 region), ITS and cytochrome oxidase (subunit 1) (COI). In agreement with the morphological description, phylogenetic analysis did not show any particularly close affiliation to the Peridiniales or Gonyaulacales, nor to any other dinoflagellate order represented in molecular databases. Consequently, we erected a new genus, Azadinium, for this taxon. However the ordinal affiliation of the genus is uncertain. This study represents the first description and confirmation of a new dinoflagellate species capable of producing AZA and is thus an important advance in surveillance programmes for toxigenic microalgae and toxins of human health significance.

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“…After the first case of human poisoning in 1995 (McMahon and Silke 1996), AZA toxins have been reported from several countries mainly of western Europe but also from Morocco (Satake et al 1998;Ito et al 2002;James et al 2002;Magdalena et al 2003;Taleb et al 2006;Vale et al 2008). Considerable work has been done to understand the chemistry, toxicology and ecology of azaspiracid shellfish poisoning (AZP) (recently reviewed by Twiner et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Azadinium obesum (Dinophyceae), a new nontoxic species in the genus that can produce azaspiracid toxins

et al. 2010

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The novel dinoflagellate taxon we describe here as Azadinium obesum sp. nov. was isolated as clone 2E10 from the North Sea along the Scottish east coast, the same locality as for Azadinium spinosum Elbrä chter et Tillmann, the type and formerly only species for this genus. In contrast to A. spinosum, a known producer of azaspiracid (AZA) toxins, the isolate of A. obesum produces no known AZA analogues detectable by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Azadinium obesum is a small (13-18 mm length; 10-14 mm width) photosynthetic dinoflagellate with a thin theca exhibiting the Kofoidean plate tabulation: Po, cp, X, 49, 3a, 60, 6C, 5?S, 690, 200. This species is morphologically distinguished from A. spinosum by slightly larger mean cell size, consistent absence of an antapical spine, the lack of a stalked pyrenoid and several details of the plate configuration. Among these thecal features, the first precingular (10) plate of A. obesum does not touch the first epithecal intercalary plate and is four sided rather than five sided as in A. spinosum. Furthermore, in A. obesum the lower half of the first apical (19) plate is very narrow and tonguelike, and precingular plates 10 and 60 are very close together, whereas these diverge in A. spinosum. DNA sequence and phylogenetic analysis elucidates and supports the separation (but close affinity) of A. obesum and A. spinosum, as well as the description of the former as a distinct species. Phylogenetic interpretation of the four genes analysed -internal transcribed spacer, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA (D1/D2) and cytochrome oxidase I -further validates the recently erected genus Azadinium Elbrä cher et Tillmann but does not clarify the position of the genus with respect to higher taxonomic levels within the subclass Peridiniphycidae.

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First evidence of an extensive northern European distribution of azaspiracid poisoning (AZP) toxins in shellfish

Cited by 144 publications

References 13 publications

Azadinium poporum from the Argentine Continental Shelf, Southwestern Atlantic, produces azaspiracid-2 and azaspiracid-2 phosphate

Azadinium poporum from the Argentine Continental Shelf, Southwestern Atlantic, produces azaspiracid-2 and azaspiracid-2 phosphate

Azadinium spinosumgen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) identified as a primary producer of azaspiracid toxins

Azadinium obesum (Dinophyceae), a new nontoxic species in the genus that can produce azaspiracid toxins

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