Azadinium poporum from the Argentine Continental Shelf, Southwestern Atlantic, produces azaspiracid-2 and azaspiracid-2 phosphate

Mediterranean Azadinium dexteroporum (Dinophyceae) produces six novel azaspiracids and azaspiracid-35: a structural study by a multi-platform mass spectrometry approach

“…A total AZA cell quota of 24.5 fg/cell was estimated from a cross check of the Q-Trap MS data with relative abundances and concentrations measured on the LTQ Orbitrap XL FTMS using AZA-1 CRM as standard. This cell quota is comparable to that of other AZA-producing species such as A. spinosum (5-50 fg/cell) [6] and A. poporum (0-10 fg/cell) [14,16] and is quite different from that reported by Percopo et al (2-3 fg/ cell) for the same strain, based on TOF MS analyses of only three minor components of the A. dexteroporum profile [13]. The available material was not sufficient for even attempting isolation and subsequent full structural elucidation based on NMR spectroscopy.…”

“…Over the last years, several analogues of AZA-1 have been discovered either in shellfish [7][8][9][10][11] or in dinoflagellates [6,[12][13][14][15][16][17] and structurally characterized by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and partly also by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Some AZAs (AZA-1 and AZA-2, among others) are actually produced by the dinoflagellates, whereas others (e.g., AZA-3 to AZA-19) seem to derive from biotransformation occurring in shellfish [9].…”

Morphology, molecular phylogeny and azaspiracid profile of Azadinium poporum (Dinophyceae) from the Gulf of Mexico

“…Most Azadinium species were described from samples collected in European waters, but that does not mean that there is a restricted distribution of these small dinoflagellates. For example, Azadinium spinosum was also reported in the Mexican Pacific (Herná ndez-Becerril et al, 2012), and Azadinium poporum was found in Korea (Potvin et al, 2011), China , New Zealand (Smith et al, 2015) and Argentina (Tillmann et al, 2016). Azadinium diversity might be underestimated because their cells are rather small and molecular detection is not routinely carried out (Toebe et al, 2013).…”

“…It is worth noting that A. poporum comprises several genetically different ribotypes that are morphologically identical. The strains from Europe and New Zealand share identical sequences and belong to ribotype A, whereas those from Korea, China and Argentina belong to ribotype B or C Smith et al, 2015;Tillmann et al, 2016). Additional ribotypes can be expected to be discovered because only a limited number of A. poporum strains have been sequenced.…”

Toxigenic algae and associated phycotoxins in two coastal embayments in the Ebro Delta (NW Mediterranean)

“…Since the discovery of Azadinium spp. as producer of azaspiracids (Tillmann et al, 2009), an ever increasing number of congeners have been found (Tillmann et al, 2016;Krock et al, 2015Krock et al, , 2012. The presence of azaspiracid analogs not surveyed in this analysis is therefore possible.…”