Self-polarized Pb(Ti,Zr)O 3 (PZT) thin films deposited under lead-enriched conditions by multi-target reactive sputtering at low substrate temperatures are characterized by the presence of tetravalent lead occupying lattice Zr-sites. The optical properties of Pb(Pb x Zr y−x Ti 1−y )O 3 thin films of two composition x = 0.10, y = 0.31 and x = 0.29, y = 0.65 were investigated. Absorption coefficients in the visible spectra range were determined by Variable Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. The presence of tetravalent lead was found to introduce structural disorder resulting in the broadening of the exponential absorption tail.
The toroidal ion-temperature-gradient (ITG)-driven electrostatic drift waves are investigated for bi-ion plasmas with equilibrium density, temperature and magnetic field gradients. Using Braginskii's transport equations for the ions and Boltzmann distributed electrons, the mode coupling equations are derived. New ITG-driven modes are shown to exist. The results of the present study should be helpful to understand several wave phenomena in space and tokamak plasmas.
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