As one of the most efficient and commonly used electrochemiluminescence (ECL) reagents, luminol has been paid much attention by the analysts due to its low excitation potential, simple dissolved oxygen-based coreactant ECL reaction requirement, and the widely analytical applications. However, the ECL performances of luminol on most electrode materials suffered from the lower ECL quantum yield, which limited its analytical applications. Herein, it was first found that, compared to that of the bare gold electrode, the ECL quantum yield of luminol on the 1,6-hexanedithiol hydrophobic pinhole film modified gold electrode was 3 times increased. This higher ECL quantum yield of luminol was related to the hydrophobic microenvironment on the surface of the modified electrode, which was formed from the hydrophobic carbon chains on the basis of their supramolecular interaction. On the basis of this new finding as well as the cap effect of gold nanoparticle to these pinhole gates, a highly sensitive ECL sensing scheme for microRNA was also developed.
This paper puts forward some rough approximations which are motivated from topology. Given a subset R ⊆ U × U , we can use 8 types of E -neighborhoods to construct approximations of an arbitrary X ⊆ U on the one hand. On the other hand, we can also construct approximations relying on a topology which is induced by an E -neighborhood. Properties of these approximations and relationships between them are studied. For convenience of use, we also give some useful and easy-to-understand examples and make a comparison between our approximations and those in the published literature.
Metrics and their weaker forms are used to measure the difference between two data (or other things). There are many metrics that are available but not desired by a practitioner. This paper recommends in a plausible reasoning manner an easy-to-understand method to construct desired distance-like measures: to fuse easy-to-obtain (or easy to be coined by practitioners) pseudo-semi-metrics, pseudo-metrics, or metrics by making full use of well-known t-norms, t-conorms, aggregation operators, and similar operators (easy to be coined by practitioners). The simple reason to do this is that data for a real world problem are sometimes from multiagents. A distance-like notion, called weak interval-valued pseudo-metrics (briefly, WIVP-metrics), is defined by using known notions of pseudo-semi-metrics, pseudo-metrics, and metrics; this notion is topologically good and shows precision, flexibility, and compatibility than single pseudo-semi-metrics, pseudo-metrics, or metrics. Propositions and detailed examples are given to illustrate how to fabricate (including using what “material”) an expected or demanded WIVP-metric (even interval-valued metric) in practical problems, and WIVP-metric and its special cases are characterized by using axioms. Moreover, some WIVP-metrics pertinent to quantitative logic theory or interval-valued fuzzy graphs are constructed, and fixed point theorems and common fixed point theorems in weak interval-valued metric spaces are also presented. Topics and strategies for further study are also put forward concretely and clearly.
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