A barrier membrane (BM) is essential for guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures. Absorbable BMs based on collagen have been widely applied clinically due to their excellent biocompatibility. The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides certain advantages that can compensate for the rapid degradation and insufficient mechanical strength of pure collagen membrane due to the porous scaffold structure. Recently, small intestinal submucosa (SIS), one of the most widely used ECM materials, has drawn much attention in bone tissue engineering. In this study, we adopted multilaminate SIS (mSIS) as a BM and evaluated its in vivo and in vitro properties. mSIS exhibited a multilaminate structure with a smooth upper surface and a significantly coarser bottom layer according to microscopic observation. Tensile strength was 13.10 ± 2.56 MPa. In in vivo experiments, we selected a rabbit mandibular defect model and subcutaneous implantation to compare osteogenesis and biodegradation properties with one of the most commonly used commercial collagen membranes. mSIS was retained for up to 3 months and demonstrated longer biodegradation time than commercial collagen membrane. Quantification of bone regeneration revealed significant differences in each group. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) revealed that the quantity and maturity of bones in the mSIS group were significantly higher than those in the blank control group (P < 0.05) and were similar to those in a commercial collagen membrane group (P > 0.05) at 4 and 12 weeks after surgery. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed large amounts of mature lamellar bone at 12 weeks in mSIS and commercial collagen membrane groups. Therefore, we conclude that mSIS has potential as a future biocompatible BM in GBR procedures.
There is great demand for an improved barrier membrane with osteogenic potential for guided bone regeneration (GBR). Natural acellular porcine pericardium (APP) is increasingly used in regenerative medicine as a kind of common extracellular matrix materials. This study aimed to investigate its potential application in GBR, especially its osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. Bio-Gide (BG), a commercial collagen membrane, was set as the control group. APP samples were characterized by physicochemical analyses and their biological effects on human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) and human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) were also examined. Additionally, the osteogenic potential of APP was tested on a bilateral critical-sized calvarial defect model. We discovered that the smooth surface of APP tended to recruit more hBMSCs. Moreover, promoted proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs was detected on this side of APP, with increased alkaline phosphatase activity and upregulated expression of bone-specific genes. Besides, the rough side of APP showed good biocompatibility and barrier function with hGFs. Histologic observation and analysis of calvarial defect healing over 4 weeks revealed enhanced bone regeneration under APP compared with BG and the control group. The results of this study indicate that APP is a potential osteoconductive and osteoinductive biomaterial for GBR.
Objective. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of multilaminated small intestinal submucosa (mSIS) combined with bone substitute material to repair peri-implant defects during guided bone regeneration procedures. Methods. Twelve implants were placed in bilateral lower premolars of three beagle dogs, and a peri-implant buccal bone defect (3 mm width and 4 mm height) was created at each implant site. A total of 12 sites were filled with a particulate bone substitute material and then randomly divided into three treatment groups: covered by mSIS membrane (mSIS group), covered by collagen membrane (BG group), and no treatment (control group), each group of four sites. After 12 weeks of healing, all of the animals were euthanized and dissected blocks were obtained for micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and histological analyses. Results. Micro-CT results revealed similar horizontal width of augmented tissue and new bone formation between mSIS and BG groups (P<0.05). Histological analyses revealed that the differences in horizontal widths of newly formed bone and bone-to-implant contact between mSIS and BG groups were not significant (P>0.05). All of these parameters were significantly different from those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions. These findings confirmed that mSIS combined with the bone substitute material enhanced bone regeneration in peri-implant defects, in a manner similar to that of a collagen membrane.
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