In this review, we explored the progress of the pathogenesis of Kümmell's disease intravertebral vacuum. Using different expressions of the same disease including ‘Kümmell's disease’, ‘avascular necrosis after vertebral compression fracture (VCF)’, ‘post-traumatic vertebral osteonecrosis’, ‘vertebral pseudarthrosis’, ‘intravertebral vacuum (cleft or gas)’, ‘delayed vertebral collapse’, ‘VCF nonunion’, and by conducting a search of the PubMed database, we analyzed the results to examine the pathogenesis of the intravertebral vacuum of Kümmell's disease after referring to pertinent literature on intravertebral vacuum of ischemic necrosis after VCF, and exploring the progress of pathogenesis of this disease. A number of discrepancies were identified within the pathogenesis of the intravertebral vacuum after VCF. There were statements such as avascular necrosis of the vertebral body, bone biomechanics, gas forming and other types of claims, all of which obtained clinical and biomechanical supporting evidence. Collectively, most of the researchers believe that Kümmell vertebral fracture syndrome was the comprehensive effect of multiple factors including osteoporosis, avascular necrosis of the vertebral body, and biomechanical changes following fracture. However, there are a number of discrepancies to be resolved and future studies are therefore needed.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to conduct a systematic review of literature comparing the clinical effectiveness and safety between anterior reconstruction (AR) and posterior osteotomy (PO) in the treatment of Kümmell's disease with neurological deficits.MethodsWe systematically reviewed the literature in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Web of Science for “spin*,” “surg*,” “Kümmell's disease,” “Kummell's disease,” “Kummell disease,” “vertebral osteonecrosis,” “vertebral pseudarthrosis,” “intravertebral vacuum cleft,” “delayed vertebral collapse,” and “compression fracture nonunion”. Quality was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation method.ResultsA total of 10 publications involving 268 Kümmell's disease patients with neurological deficits were included in this review, with 7 studies of low- or very low-quality. There were 37.7% and 62.3% of patients receiving AR and PO, respectively. For clinical outcomes, AR group showed no significant differences in pain, neurological dysfunction, and imaging outcome improvements compared with patients who underwent PO. However, the incidence of implant-related complications including loose screw, screw fracture, screw disconnection, and plate dislodgment, was higher in AR group compared with PO group (21.6% vs. 14.3%). As another major complication, AR group more often required a second surgery.ConclusionThis systematic review demonstrated that both AR and PO could improve pain, neurological dysfunction and imaging outcomes. However, serious comorbidities, multilevel corpectomies and/or severe osteoporosis highly required PO. Design discrepancies were found in the current studies, further higher-quality studies are warranted.Level of evidenceLevel III, therapeutic study.

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Compared with simple PKP, percutaneous internal fixation with PKP is a valuable surgical option for the treatment of selected elderly patients with thoracolumbar burst fractures.

Current pharmacological intervention for the treatment of osteolytic bone diseases such as osteoporosis focuses on the prevention of excessive osteoclastic bone resorption but does not enhance osteoblast‐mediated bone formation. In our study, we have shown that 4‐iodo‐6‐phenylpyrimidine (4‐IPP), an irreversible inhibitor of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), can inhibit receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclastogenesis and potentiate osteoblast‐mediated mineralization and bone nodule formation in vitro. Mechanistically, 4‐IPP inhibited RANKL‐induced p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation by preventing the interaction of MIF with thioredoxin‐interacting protein—p65 complexes. This led to the suppression of late osteoclast marker genes such as nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1, resulting in impaired osteoclast formation. In contrast, 4‐IPP potentiated osteoblast differentiation and mineralization also through the inhibition of the p65/NF‐κB signaling cascade. In the murine model of pathologic osteolysis induced by titanium particles, 4‐IPP protected against calvarial bone destruction. Similarly, in the murine model of ovariectomy‐induced osteoporosis, 4‐IPP treatment ameliorated the bone loss associated with estrogen deficiency by reducing osteoclastic activities and enhancing osteoblastic bone formation. Collectively, these findings provide evidence for the pharmacological targeting of MIF for the treatment of osteolytic bone disorders.—Zheng, L., Gao, J., Jin, K., Chen, Z., Yu, W., Zhu, K., Huang, W., Liu, F., Mei, L., Lou, C., He, D. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) inhibitor 4‐IPP suppresses osteoclast formation and promotes osteoblast differentiation through the inhibition of the NF‐κB signaling pathway. FASEB J. 33, 7667–7683 (2019). http://www.fasebj.org

Menopause is associated with lumbar disc degeneration. The association occurred in the first 15 YSM, suggesting estrogen deficiency might be a risk factor of disc degeneration of the lumbar spine. Further studies need to be carried out for deciding whether age or menopause plays a more important role in the progression of disc degeneration in the lumbar spine.

Background Extremity liposarcoma represents 25% of extremity soft tissue sarcoma and has a better prognosis than liposarcoma occurring in other anatomic sites. The purpose of this study was to develop two nomograms for predicting the overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of patients with extremity liposarcoma. Methods A total of 2170 patients diagnosed with primary extremity liposarcoma between 2004 and 2015 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were performed to explore the independent prognostic factors and establish two nomograms. The area under the curve (AUC), C-index, calibration curve, decision curve analysis (DCA), Kaplan-Meier analysis, and subgroup analyses were used to evaluate the nomograms. Results Six variables were identified as independent prognostic factors for both OS and CSS. In the training cohort, the AUCs of the OS nomogram were 0.842, 0.841, and 0.823 for predicting 3-, 5-, and 8-year OS, respectively, while the AUCs of the CSS nomogram were 0.889, 0.884, and 0.859 for predicting 3-, 5-, and 8-year CSS, respectively. Calibration plots and DCA revealed that the nomogram had a satisfactory ability to predict OS and CSS. The above results were also observed in the validation cohort. In addition, the C-indices of both nomograms were significantly higher than those of all independent prognostic factors in both the training and validation cohorts. Stratification of the patients into high- and low-risk groups highlighted the differences in prognosis between the two groups in the training and validation cohorts. Conclusion Age, sex, tumor size, grade, M stage, and surgery status were confirmed as independent prognostic variables for both OS and CSS in extremity liposarcoma patients. Two nomograms based on the above variables were established to provide more accurate individual survival predictions for extremity liposarcoma patients and to help physicians make appropriate clinical decisions.

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