BACKGROUND Recovery in mental health remains inconclusive where the two most prevailing definitions “clinical” and “personal” remain. In nursing schools, students are predominantly taught straightforward concepts of clinical recovery, which result in only a perfunctory and rudimentary understanding of recovery among the undergraduates. AIMS To explore the perceptions of nursing undergraduates on recovery for people experiencing mental health conditions. METHOD A descriptive qualitative study was conducted on 14 nursing undergraduates from Years 1 to 4 of the study. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling, and the required sample size was determined by data saturation. Semistructured questions were used during the individual face-to-face interviews from October and December 2019. Recordings were transcribed verbatim; the transcripts were then subjected to thematic analysis. RESULTS Three themes were identified to support the research questions: (1) semantics of major terms used in mental health care—where participants provided the description of terminologies used; (2) the meaning of recovery—where participants explained their views on “recovery”; and (3) sources of conceptualization—where participants explained their conceptual understanding on mental health conditions and recovery. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that the need for a more holistic approach encompassing personal recovery should be included in the nursing curriculum. This is necessary to promote enabling support in the recovery of people experiencing mental health conditions beyond medical interventions.
Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a biodegradable polymer with good lubricity in friction reduction. However, there is insufficient guidance on the dosage of PAM and poor rheological information on the effects of temperature and pH. This study aimed to investigate the characterization of the material and rheological analysis regarding the effects of concentration, pH, and temperature of PAM. In material characterization, PAM has been shown to offer hydrophilic surfaces. In a rheological study, 1000 ppm PAM was the critical association concentration, as the rheological properties below 1000 ppm PAM were superior. This was due to the dispersion stability effect caused by the polymer concentration. Additionally, a low concentration of polymer contributes to bridging flocculation with an unstable rheological profile and low association networking. When the polymer concentration is further increased to the saturated adsorption level, the rheological profile of PAM above 1000 ppm is significantly affected as a result of the alternation from steric stabilization to depletion flocculation in a polymer system. Furthermore, the rheological performance of PAM was significantly affected by temperature and pH, showing better performance after heating to 60 °C and at pH = 10. Future studies can further develop modified PAM with specific additives at an optimized temperature and pH to investigate the rheological performance of drilling.
Polyacrylamide (PAM) has become a potential additive in drilling, but it has limitations in terms of viscosity, fluid loss, and bored pile stability concerns. Previous rheological studies have reported silica (SiO2) usage in PAM modification. However, there is insufficient rheological information such as plastic viscosity, apparent viscosity, yield point, and gel strength. Herein, this research investigates the effects of SiO2 in PAM with comprehensive rheological data. The morphological properties of SiO2 were analyzed. Compared with bare PAM, modified PAM demonstrated distinct chemical structures, but both were hydrophilic fluids. Moreover, an undulated trend was observed in the rheological results of all modified PAM for all concentrations of SiO2 and all the selected temperatures. However, all modified PAM showed better rheological performance than bare PAM. Consequently, 0.5 wt% SiO2 is a promising formulation for PAM modification, which can even be simulated in the performance of the bored pile drilling. For thermal stability, the rheological performance of bare PAM and modified PAM performed better at 60 and 40°C, respectively.
The stability of polymer composite can be enhanced by altering the structure of the functionalised material with surface modifiers, such as silane coupling agents, organic modifiers, surfactants and others. Surfactant has emerged as a potential modifier since it is eco‐friendly and simple. In this study, the surface of functionalised silica (SiO2) was modified using sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in a polyacrylamide (PAM) composite. Characterisation of the drilling fluid was examined through Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, surface tension, contact angle and rheological tests. According to the results, FTIR proved that the modification of PAM was successful. However, all modified PAM showed more hydrophilic properties with low surface tension than bare PAM. The rheological properties of all the modified PAM were varied over all the concentrations of SDS. Meanwhile, the rheological properties of the modified PAM were better than that of bare PAM. Due to the synergistic effect between the surfactant and functionalised material involved, the drilling fluid achieved low plastic viscosity in modified PAM. With a flat gel strength and better rheological properties, 0.2 wt% SDS in modified PAM is a great and promising formula in this study. In the future, further investigation can be conducted on bored pile drilling using this formulation.
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