The massive growth of mobile users will spread to significant numbers of small cells for the Fifth Generation (5G) mobile network, which will overlap the fourth generation (4G) network. A tremendous increase in handover (HO) scenarios and HO rates will occur. Ensuring stable and reliable connection through the mobility of user equipment (UE) will become a major problem in future mobile networks. This problem will be magnified with the use of suboptimal handover control parameter (HCP) settings, which can be configured manually or automatically. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of different HCP settings on the performance of 5G network. Several system scenarios are proposed and investigated based on different HCP settings and mobile speed scenarios. The different mobile speeds are expected to demonstrate the influence of many proposed system scenarios on 5G network execution. We conducted simulations utilizing MATLAB software and its related tools. Evaluation comparisons were performed in terms of handover probability (HOP), ping-pong handover probability (PPHP) and outage probability (OP). The 5G network framework has been employed to evaluate the proposed system scenarios used. The simulation results reveal that there is a trade-off in the results obtained from various systems. The use of lower HCP settings provides noticeable enhancements compared to higher HCP settings in terms of OP. Simultaneously, the use of lower HCP settings provides noticeable drawbacks compared to higher HCP settings in terms of high PPHP for all scenarios of mobile speed. The simulation results show that medium HCP settings may be the acceptable solution if one of these systems is applied. This study emphasises the application of automatic self-optimisation (ASO) functions as the best solution that considers user experience.
Walking is a daily activity that requires an appropriate crosswalk as a key part of the provision of safe transportation infrastructure. In this paper, we design and develop a portable smart wireless control system for pedestrian crossing areas to manage the traffic automatically and allow the pedestrian, like school children, to cross the road safely and effortlessly. The system incorporates the concept of smart sensing to detect the presence of pedestrians and in turn, automatically controls the crosswalk traffic lights. The system composes of two Arduino microcontrollers, two infrared PIR motion sensors, and a bidirectional wireless communication link based on Bluetooth for mitigating wiring installation and transmitting the signal among traffic light units on both roadsides. The system is fabricated and implemented as a portable LED-based traffic light testbed. The developed system is tested and validated in a real environment with a 6 m road width on the university campus. According to the obtained results, the system worked effectively and fulfilled the design criteria where the communication between both sides lights is successfully functioning and the PIR sensors can accurately detect the existence of pedestrians. The developed system is cost-effective, energyefficient, easy to install, and maintenance-free.
Adaptive modulation (AM) technique may make more promote in the execution of wireless communication systems through adaptively conformity transmitter parameters to fading channels; therefore, it has been taken as one of the key physical techniques in 3GPP Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA). This paper offers a general overview of the adaptive modulation scheme in wireless multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Study a set of properties by which adaptive modulation systems are evaluated, and then apply this valuation method to survey a number of existing systems, also, discuss modulation schemes and channel modeling in detail since it is utilized in most current system or solutions, as well survey some MIMO models which are included in adaptive modulation activities in order to reproduce and corresponding MIMO system ratings. Comprehensive execution comparisons including, BER analysis, average spectral efficiency (ASE), modulation schemes, and channel model are presented.
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