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Application of g-C3N4 in energy conversion and storage such as solar to fuel conversion, solar cells and supercapacitors.

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Various type iron oxides of FeO, Fe2O3, and Fe3O4 were used for carbon dioxide (CO2) capture at room temperature and pressure by studying its adsorption–desorption properties. Several interactions of carbonate species were detected on its surface. The morphology of carbonate formation shows different structures on FeO (grooves-like), Fe2O3 (fine sharp particles), and Fe3O4 (aggregated nanoparticles). CO2 chemisorption discovered a potential adsorbent of Fe2O3 with an adsorption capacity of 3.95 mgCO2/gadsorbent. The adsorption capacity increased up to 62.8% by using concentrated 99.9% CO2 for adsorption. At higher concentration of CO2 exposure, it partially turns to red color which indicated the less stable Fe3O4 was easily oxidized to Fe2O3 after CO2 regeneration with temperatures up to 500 °C. Hence, Fe2O3 possessed the highest basicity strength (1.26 cm3/g), and the adsorption capacity after four cycles was not significantly reduced by 8.6% indicating an effective chemical or physical adsorption in CO2 capture.

Summary Hydrogen becomes one of the most clean energy sources. The major issues on hydrogen are lack of practical clean and high‐temperature processes and possible practical storage of clean hydrogen. An energy intensive of clean hydrogen storage via chemical and liquid fuel production route is the current demand. This article reviewed the most recent research for hydrogen (H2) production by using several methods, such as thermochemical process, thermal decomposition, biological approaches, electrolysis, and photocatalytic method. H2 storage types, including physical and chemical approaches, were also reviewed. The produced H2 was stored as valuable chemicals and fuels via CO2 hydrogenation reaction. Reactor designs are the illustrated number of design ranging from the fixed bed to the continuous stirred tank reactor. Catalyst type, catalytic system, and the related mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation reaction to form alcohol, alkanes, and carboxylic acid were also discussed in detail.

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