Summary
Hydrogen becomes one of the most clean energy sources. The major issues on hydrogen are lack of practical clean and high‐temperature processes and possible practical storage of clean hydrogen. An energy intensive of clean hydrogen storage via chemical and liquid fuel production route is the current demand. This article reviewed the most recent research for hydrogen (H2) production by using several methods, such as thermochemical process, thermal decomposition, biological approaches, electrolysis, and photocatalytic method. H2 storage types, including physical and chemical approaches, were also reviewed. The produced H2 was stored as valuable chemicals and fuels via CO2 hydrogenation reaction. Reactor designs are the illustrated number of design ranging from the fixed bed to the continuous stirred tank reactor. Catalyst type, catalytic system, and the related mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation reaction to form alcohol, alkanes, and carboxylic acid were also discussed in detail.
In recent years, formic acid become as an alternative fuel that offer useful solution for the efficient energy storage. The formic acid was synthesized by the carbon dioxide hydrogenation reaction by using catalyst. The preliminary study on catalyst between zeolite that act as support while hematite iron oxide (α-Fe2O3) that act as co-catalyst produced a new composite which is Fe-Zeolite. The Fe-Zeolite was synthesized by using sol-gel method with a weight ratio of 1:2 and 2:2. 1:2 of Fe-Zeolite gives the good activity for the production of formic acid which is 1305.41 ppm. The presence of different support material such as zeolite and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) showed a significant difference in the catalytic performance and formic acid selectivity. The morphological and textural properties of the synthesized catalysts were determined by FTIR, XRD, TEM, and FESEM while the formation of formic acid from CO2 hydrogenation reaction was evaluated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
Nowadays, the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) getting worse and increasing year by year due to the open burning, transportation, deforestation, use of synthetic fertilizer and industrial process. The concentration of CO2 has reached 406.99ppm since August 2018. This can cause global warming, rising sea level, climate change and etc. Therefore, an intensive research was done to control this issues on hydrogenation of CO2 reaction by using composite catalyst. A series of X/Fe-Zeolite (X=Co, Cu, Pd and Ni) were synthesized by sol-gel method that using oxalic acid and precursors of nitrate. The Fe-Zeolite act as both a support and a co-catalyst while bi-metal served as promoter for CO2 hydrogenation. Parameters that involved for synthesized the composite which are fixed weight ratio of X:Fe:Zeolite (0.1:1.25:2), the polyethylene glycol (PEG) of 2 mL and calcine temperature of 500°C. Then, the composite was evaluated on CO2 hydrogenation at temperature reaction of 130°C, pressure CO2:H2 of 1:3.5 bar, weight catalyst of 0.2g and time reaction of 6 hours in liquid 1,4-dioxane solvent. Formic acid (FA) was the major product in this research. The effectiveness of composite was studied after addition of bi-metal onto the surface area Fe-Zeolite can boosted the production of FA or not. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) determined the morphological and textural properties of the synthesized catalysts and X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) while the formation of FA from CO2 hydrogenation reaction was evaluated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). By this way it can reduced the concentration of CO2 at atmosphere and getting value-added product from the reaction.
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