Process-based contaminants in food—particularly in vegetable oils—have been a topic of interest due to their potential health risk on humans. Oral consumption above the tolerable daily intake might result in health risks. Therefore, it is critical to correctly address the food contaminant issues with a proper mitigation plan, in order to reduce and subsequently remove the occurrence of the contaminant. 3-monochloropropane-1,3-diol (3-MCPD), an organic chemical compound, is one of the heat- and process-induced food contaminants, belonging to a group called chloropropanols. This review paper discusses the occurrence of the 3-MCPD food contaminant in different types of vegetable oils, possible 3-MCPD formation routes, and also methods of reduction or removal of 3-MCPD in its free and bound esterified forms in vegetable oils, mostly in palm oil due to its highest 3-MCPD content.
Transitioning to lower carbon energy and environment sustainability requires a reduction in greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) that contribute to global warming. One of the most actively studied rare earth metal catalysts is cerium oxide (CeO2) which produces remarkable improvements in catalysts in dry reforming methane. This paper reviews the management of CO2 emissions and the recent advent and trends in bimetallic catalyst development utilizing CeO2 in dry reforming methane (DRM) and steam reforming methane (SRM) from 2015 to 2021 as a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper focus on the identification of key trends in catalyst preparation using CeO2 and the effectiveness of the catalysts formulated.
This study aims to investigate the feasibility of modifying graphite electrode with zero-valent iron (ZVI) to electrochemically detect the presence of 3-MCPD using two (2) deposition methods, namely dip coating and drop casting. Both methods were tested against in situ and ex situ ZVI formation method. Results showed that ex situ ZVI formation using drop casting method onto graphite electrode showed highest peak current when tested using cyclic voltammetry (CV). Results also showed that the 3-MCPD presence was detected at potential range of-25 mV to 45 mV due to the sudden spike in electrical current when tested using CV mode. The impact of this study is to provide a basis for further investigation of 3-MCPD detection in palm oil using electrochemical method due to its simplicity for the development of a portable, fast and reliable 3-MCPD sensor.
On the basis of its properties, ethanol has been identified as the most used biofuel because of its remarkable contribution in reducing emissions of carbon dioxide which are the source of greenhouse gas and prompt climate change or global warming worldwide. The use of ethanol as a new source of biofuel reduces the dependence on conventional gasoline, thus showing a decreasing pattern of production every year. This article contains an updated overview of recent developments in the new technologies and operations in ethanol production, such as the hydration of ethylene, biomass residue, lignocellulosic materials, fermentation, electrochemical reduction, dimethyl ether, reverse water gas shift, and catalytic hydrogenation reaction. An improvement in the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 into ethanol needs extensive research to address the properties that need modification, such as physical, catalytic, and chemical upgrading. Overall, this assessment provides basic suggestions for improving ethanol synthesis as a source of renewable energy in the future.
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