Clerodendron trichotomum Thunberg Leaves (CTL) have been used for centuries in Chinese folk medicine for their anti-inflammatory properties. We have studied the anti-inflammatory effects of CTL extracts in rats, mice and in Raw 264.7 cells. 1 mg/kg solutions of the 30% and 60% methanol extracts of CTL were used and a 1 mg/kg of indomethacin was used as a positive anti-inflammatory standard; these were then administrated to rats. Carrageenan was injected subcutaneously to induce hind paw edema in rats. The result of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema showed that a 1 mg/kg of the 30%, and 60% methanol fraction of CTL and 1 mg/kg of indomethacin inhibited the hind paw edema by 19.5%, 23.0%, and 20.5% respectively. The effect of CTL on inflammation in mice by a capillary permeability assay was examined by detecting Evans blue leakage from capillaries after the intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid, a potent inflammatory stimulus. The 60% methanol fraction of CTL inhibited Evans blue dye leakage by 47.0%, which was 10% higher than that of the inhibition of 1 mg/kg of indomethacin. Also, the 60% methanol fraction of CTL suppressed the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) generation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells after treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by as much as the inhibition of 1 mg/kg of indomethacin and this led to the synthesis of PGE2 by COX-2 induction. The inhibition of the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, vascular permeability and the PGE2 generation demonstrates that the 60% methanol fraction of CTL contains a potent anti-inflammatory activity.
This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of Cudrania tricuspidata (C. tricuspidata) stem extract as whitening cosmetic material. Methods: We performed TLC and HPLC analysis to investigate the anti-oxidant compounds and its contents in C. tricuspidata stem extract fractions (hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water). In order to evaluate anti-oxidant effects, radical and superoxide scavenging activities were conducted by using DPPH, ABTS free radicals and xanthine oxidases, respectively. In addition, we examined tyrosinase activity and cellular melanin content to verify the whitening effects of C. tricuspidata stem extract. Results: We found out that both ethyl acetate fraction and butanol fraction among the fractions of C. tricuspidata stem extract had anti-oxidant compounds. Our results pointed out that the active fractions have significant free radical and superoxide scavenging activities, and the fraction of ethyl acetate is the best. The ethyl acetate fraction (IC 50 24.4 ppm) and butanol fraction (IC 50 88.3 ppm) reduced tyrosinase activities and melanin content in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion: Through the results, C. tricuspidata stem extract has the potent as a cosmetic material which possess the anti-oxidant and whitening effects.
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