No abstract

No abstract

Several studies in tropical watersheds have evaluated the impact of urbanization and agricultural practices on water quality. In Brazil, savannas (known regionally as Cerrados) represent 23% of the country's surface, representing an important share to the national primary growth product, especially due to intense agriculture. The purpose of this study is to present a comprehensive evaluation, on a yearly basis, of carbon, nitrogen and major ion fluxes in streams crossing areas under different land use (natural vegetation, sugar cane and eucalyptus) in a savanna region of SE Brazil. Eucalyptus and sugar cane alter the transport of the investigated elements in small watersheds. The highest concentration of all parameters (abiotic parameters, ions, dissolved organic carbon -DOC -and dissolved inorganic carbon -DIC) were found in Sugar Cane Watersheds (SCW). The observed concentrations of major cations in Eucalyptus Watersheds (EW) (Mg, Ca, K, Na), as well as DIN and DOC, were found frequently to be intermediate values between those of Savanna Watersheds (SW) and SCW, suggesting a moderate impact of eucalyptus plantations on the streamwater. Same trends were found in relation to ion and nutrient fluxes, where the higher values corresponded to SCW. It is suggested that sugar cane plantations might be playing an important role in altering the chemistry of water bodies.

No abstract

No abstract

South America is experiencing rapid change in forest cover, of both native and planted forest. Forest cover loss is primarily attributable to fire, logging, and conversion of native forest to agriculture, pasture, and forest plantations, and types of change vary within and among the many diverse types of forests in South America. Major changes in forest cover and growing policy concerns underscore an urgent need for research on sustainable forest management and water ecosystem services in South America. Differences in land ownership and management objectives create trade‐offs between wood production and water ecosystem services from forests. Work is needed to quantify how forest change and management affect ecosystem services, such as wood production versus water provision. Current scientific understanding of forest management effects on water ecosystem services in South America has important limitations, including a scarcity of long‐term records and few long‐term integrated watershed studies. Industry, government, universities, and local communities should collaborate on integrated applied studies of forests and water. Data archiving and publically available data are required. The creation of national networks and a multi‐country South America network to identify and implement common water research protocols, share results, and explore their implications would promote common and well‐supported policies. Hydrologists working in South America are well placed to tackle the challenges and opportunities for collaborative research that will maintain the intrinsic values and water ecosystem services provided by South America's forests.

Five species of Eucalyptus (E. grandis, E. urophylla, E. camaldulensis, E. torelliana, and E. phaeotrica), among the ten species most commonly used in large scale plantations, were selected for studies on the effects of elevated CO 2 concentration [CO 2 ] and drought stress on stomatal responses of 2.5-month old seedlings. The first three species belong to the subgenus Smphyomyrtus, whereas the fourth species belongs to the subgenus Corymbia and E. phaeotrica is from the subgenus Monocalyptus. Seedlings were grown in four pairs of open-top chambers, arranged to have 2 plants of each species in each chamber, with four replications in each of two CO 2 concentrations: 350 ± 30 µmol mol -1 and 700 ± 30 µmol mol -1 . After 100 days in the chambers, a series of gas exchange measurements were made. Half the plants in each chamber, one plant per species per chamber, were drought-stressed by withholding irrigation, while the remaining plants continued to be watered daily. Drought stress decreased stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration rates in all the species. The effect of drought stress on stomatal closure was similar in both [CO 2 ]. The positive effects of elevated [CO 2 ] on photosynthesis and water use efficiency were maintained longer during the stress period than under well-watered conditions. The photosynthetic rate of E. phaeotrica was higher even in the fourth day of the drought stress. Drought stress increased photoinhibition of photosynthesis, as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence, which varied among the species, as well as in relation to [CO 2 ]. The results are in agreement with observed differences in stomatal responses between some eucalyptus species of the subgenera Symphyomyrtus and Monocalyptus. Key words: eucalyptus physiology, water use efficiency, drought tolerance, CO 2 adaptation RESPOSTA ESTOMÁTICA AO AUMENTO DA CONCENTRAÇÃO DO CO 2 ATMOSFÉRICO E AO ESTRESSE HÍDRICO DE ESPÉCIES DE EUCALYPTUSRESUMO: Cinco espécies de Eucalyptus (E. grandis, E. urophylla, E. Camaldulensis, E. torelliana e E. phaeotrica), dentre as dez espécies mais utilizadas em plantações florestais de larga escala, foram submetidas ao aumento do CO 2 e à interação deste com estresse hídrico para avaliar seu comportamento estomático. As três primeiras espécies pertencem ao subgênero Symphyomyrtus, a quarta espécie é do subgênero Corymbia e o E. Phaeotrica pertence ao subgênero Monocalyptus. Mudas destas espécies com idade de 2,5 meses foram cultivadas em quatro pares de câmaras de topo aberto, com duas plantas de cada espécie por câmara e quatro repetições em duas concentrações de CO 2 : 350 ± 30 µmol mol -1 e 700 ± 30 µmol mol -1 . Após 100 dias de crescimento nas câmaras, medições de trocas gasosas foram realizadas, após o que metade das plantas em cada câmara foi submetida ao estresse hídrico pela supressão da irrigação, permanecendo as demais plantas sob irrigação diária. O estresse hídrico reduziu a condutância estomática, a fotossíntese e as taxas de transpiração em todas as espécies. O efeito...

ResumoZonas ripárias são áreas de saturação hídrica, permanente ou temporária, cuja principal função é a proteção dos recursos hídricos de uma microbacia. Essa pesquisa comparou a adequação do uso do solo de dois cenários de planejamento agrícola de uma microbacia: o cenário convencional, representando o método usualmente empregado, que apenas considera as classes de capacidade de uso da terra, e o cenário hidrológico, que inclui a delimitação e avaliação das zonas ripárias. Um estudo de caso foi realizado na Microbacia do Ribeirão São João (3.656 ha), no município de Mineiros do Tietê (São Paulo, Brasil). Mapas de Classe de Capacidade de Uso da Terra e de Adequação do Uso do Solo foram elaborados, utilizando o Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), para a construção dos cenários convencional e do proposto. Excluindo a Área de Preservação Permanente (APP), o cenário convencional indicou que 59,0% da área destinada à agricultura está adequadamente utilizada, 28,2% está subutilizada e 2,6% está sobreutilizada. O cenário proposto ou hidrológico, com inclusão da identificação da zona ripária (24,9% da microbacia) mostrou que muitas áreas que, no cenário convencional, possuem pouca restrição para o cultivo intensivo, como as classes II e III, são zonas ripárias, de sensibilidade hidrológica. Existem dentro dos limites da zona ripária 38,9% de classe de capacidade de uso III e 49,5% de classe IV. O planejador, desconsiderando a zona ripária, pode colocar em risco áreas vitais que, se degradadas, representam danos para a saúde e resiliência da microbacia.Palavras-chave: classes de capacidade de uso da terra, adequação do uso do solo, agricultura sustentável, cenários, planos de manejo integrado, áreas úmidas. The importance of the riparian areas for hydrologic sustainability of the land use in watersheds AbstractRiparian zones are water-saturated areas, permanent or temporary, which are important for the protection of the water resources in small watersheds. This study compared the adequacy of the land use in two scenarios of agricultural planning of a small watershed: the conventional scenario, representing the method usually employed, which considers only the classes of land use capacity, and the hydrological scenario, which also includes the delimitation and evaluation of the conditions of the riparian zones. A case study was carried out in the São João Creek watershed (3656 ha), located in Mineiros do Tietê (São Paulo/Brazil). Land Use Capacity Classes Map and Adequacy of Land Use Map were elaborated, using the Geographical Information System (SIG), for construction of the conventional and alternative scenarios. The conventional scenario indicated that 59.0% of the agricultural area, excluding the Permanent Preservation Area (PPA), is being properly used, 28.2% is underused and 2.6% is overused. The proposed hydrological scenario, with inclusion of the riparian zone, which represents 24,9% of the watershed, shows that many areas, which in the conventional scenario present little restriction to intensive cultivatio...