Pesticide exposure at schools produces acute illnesses among school employees and students. To prevent pesticide-related illnesses at schools, implementation of integrated pest management programs in schools, practices to reduce pesticide drift, and adoption of pesticide spray buffer zones around schools are recommended.
OBJETIVOS: Determinar la Ansiedad Estado (AE) y Rasgo (AR) y el Estrés Académico entre los estudiantes de Medicina Humana de primer y sexto año. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio analítico transversal. Se encuestó 98 estudiantes, 53 del primero y 45 del sexto año de la Facultad de Medicina – Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, en junio y julio del 2000. Se usó el Inventario de Ansiedad Estado - Rasgo y el Inventario de Estrés Académico. RESULTADOS: Se encontró mayores niveles de ansiedad en alumnos de primer año (AE: x = 28,68; AR: x = 22,70) que en alumnos de sexto año (AE: x = 19,09; AR: x = 18,84), siendo estos resultados significativos (AE: p <0,001; AR: p = 0,033). Las principales situaciones generadoras de estrés fueron la "sobrecarga académica", "la falta de tiempo para cumplir con las actividades académicas" y "la realización de un examen". CONCLUSIONES: Existen mayores niveles de ansiedad estado y rasgo en estudiantes de medicina de primero que en los de sexto año.
Objective:
The objective of the study is to examine associations between use of specific pesticides and lifetime allergic rhinitis and current asthma in US primary farm operators.
Methods:
The 2011 Farm and Ranch Safety Survey data from 11,210 primary farm operators were analyzed. Pesticide use on the farm was determined using an affirmative response to the question of whether the operator ever mixed, loaded, or applied pesticides on their farm in the 12 months prior to the interview. Operators who answered “yes” were further asked about the specific trade name and formulation identifiers of the product they used and personal protective equipment (PPE) used. Data were weighted to produce national estimates. Adjusted prevalence odds ratios (PORs) were calculated using logistic regression. The referent group included operators who did not use any pesticides in the 12 months prior to the interview.
Results:
Of an estimated 2.1 million farm operators, 40.0% used pesticides, 30.8% had lifetime allergic rhinitis, and 5.1% had current asthma. Insecticide and herbicide use were significantly associated with lifetime allergic rhinitis and current asthma. The use of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (POR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.9) and carbaryl (POR = 2.3; 1.4–3.7) was significantly associated with lifetime allergic rhinitis. Of operators using pesticides, 64.9% used PPE the last time they mixed, loaded, or applied pesticides.
Conclusions:
Pesticide use was associated with lifetime allergic rhinitis and current asthma among farm operators. Further studies are needed to clarify the dose–response relationship between pesticide use and adverse respiratory health effects.
ContextThere is little evidence linking adverse reproductive effects to exposure to specific pesticides during pregnancy.Case PresentationIn February 2005, three infants with congenital anomalies were identified in Collier County, Florida, who were born within 8 weeks of one another and whose mothers worked for the same tomato grower. The mothers worked on the grower’s Florida farms in 2004 before transferring to its North Carolina farms. All three worked during the period of organogenesis in fields recently treated with several pesticides. The Florida and North Carolina farms were inspected by regulatory agencies, and in each state a large number of violations were identified and record fines were levied.DiscussionDespite the suggestive evidence, a causal link could not be established between pesticide exposures and the birth defects in the three infants. Nonetheless, the prenatal pesticide exposures experienced by the mothers of the three infants is cause for concern. Farmworkers need greater protections against pesticides. These include increased efforts to publicize and comply with both the U.S. Environmental Protections Agency’s Worker Protection Standard and pesticide label requirements, enhanced procedures to ensure pesticide applicator competency, and recommendations to growers to adopt work practices to reduce pesticide exposures.Relevance to Professional PracticeThe findings from this report reinforce the need to reduce pesticide exposures among farmworkers. In addition, they support the need for epidemiologic studies to examine the role of pesticide exposure in the etiology of congenital anomalies.
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