Abstract. Maser WH, Maiyah N, Nagarajan M, Kingwascharapong P, Senphan T, Ali AMM, Bavisetty SCB. 2023. Effect of different extraction solvents on the yield and enzyme inhibition (a-amylase, a-glucosidase, and lipase) activity of some vegetables. Biodiversitas 24: 3320-3331. The present study investigated the in vitro inhibition of a-amylase, a-glucosidase, and lipase, and antioxidant activities (DPPH, metal chelating, and FRAP) of Allium cepa L., Apium graveolens L., Coriandrum sativum L., and Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss using solvent 80% ethanol, absolute ethanol, acetone, methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, and hot water. The total phenolic content (TPC) and the FTIR and GC-MS characterization spectra were compared with the activities. The TPC of 80% ethanol extract in A. graveolens L. was the highest among the extracts, with 23.78 mg GAE/g extract. The 80% ethanol extract exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity on DPPH radical scavenging (A. graveolens, 125.57 mg AEAC/g extract), metal chelating (C. sativum, 92.85 mg EECC/g extract), and FRAP activities (C. sativum, 46.98 mg AEAC/g extract). The 80% ethanol extract showed the highest anti-a-amylase (P. crispum, 30.61 mmol ACE/g extract) and anti-a-glucosidase (A. cepa, 595.28 mmol ACE/g extract) activities. In comparison, the absolute ethanol extract of C. sativum showed the highest anti-lipase activity (42.10% inhibition). According to the FTIR spectra, the 80% ethanol extract of the four green leafy vegetables is predicted to have several active compounds. GC-MS identified the compounds responsible for the activity. Studies on the recovery potential of active compounds as oral agents to treat diabetes mellitus with certain solvents are very useful in producing oral agents and functional foods to prevent diabetes mellitus.

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Abstract. Purwoko A, Turnip H, Maser WH. 2019. The pattern of Etlingera elatior cultivation in agroforestry systems and its use as traditional medicines and food by local people of Kabanjahe, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1998-2003. Etlingera elatior or kecombrang (Indonesian name) is a native plant of Indonesia. In Kabanjahe, this plant is planted in agroforestry systems. The purposes of this study were to describe the pattern of Etlingera elatior cultivation in agroforestry systems, and to document the use of Etlingera elatior as medicines and food by the local people of Kabanjahe, North Sumatra. Data were collected with field observations and interviews, and the collected data were analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that kecombrang was planted in agroforestry systems in three patterns, namely (i) kecombrang, cinnamon, and coffee, (ii) kecombrang, coffee, and bamboo, and (iii) and kecombrang, avocado, and vegetables. Kecombrang has been used as medicines for cough, wound, eye problems, fever, low breast milk production, odor, and hair thinning. In addition, kecombrang has also been used as a food ingredient in ubi tumbuk, ikan arsik, sambal kincung, getah tasak telu, cipera, terong dotak, gat-gat, and gulen manuk. With this research, it is suggested that agroforestry systems be developed to improve economic benefits for the local people of Kabanjahe.

ABSTRAKKecombrang (Etlingera elatior) dikenal sebagai tanaman herbal di Indonesia yang umumnya digunakan untuk obat tradisional dan pemberi aroma pada masakan daerah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi waktu retensi yang merupakan komponen antibakteri Stapylococcus aureus yang berasal dari ekstrak bunga kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) dengan menggunakan metode metabolomik berbasis HPLC. Aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol, fraksi kloroform, dan fraksi air telah diuji dengan metode difusi sumur terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus. Hanya pada fraksi kloroform yang menunjukkan adanya penghambatan terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus. Profil kimia dari fraksi yang dianalisis dengan HPLC telah dikorelasikan dengan profil aktivitas antibakteri dengan menggunakan analisis Orthogonal Projection to Latent Sructure (OPLS). Area puncak pada waktu retensi 0,96 -1,12 menit dari fraksi kloroform pada panjang gelombang 250 nm ditemukan berkorelasi signifikan dengan aktivitas antibakteri (nilai Y related coefficient sebesar 0,73).Kata kunci: antibakteri, kecombrang (Etlingera elatior), metabolomik, Staphylococcus aureus. ABSTRACTKecombrang (Etlingera elatior) is a well-known herb in Indonesia that is widely used in traditional medicine and as a flavour in local dishes. The aim of this study was to identify retention time of antibacterial components from kecombrang flower extract (Etlingera elatior) by HPLC-based metabolomics method. The antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts, chloroform, and water fractions was assessed by well-diffusion agar method against Staphylococcus aureus. Only chloroform fraction showed medium inhibition activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The HPLC chemical profiles of the fractions were then correlated to their antibacterial activity profile by means of Orthogonal

Abstract. Maser WH, Sinaga MZE. 2021. Evaluation of proximate composition, microbial load and sensory characteristics of instant holat as traditional spice in North Sumatra. Biodiversitas 22: 3440-3445. Holat is the name of traditional food from North Sumatra, Indonesia which has astringent flavor derived from the bark of Phyllanthus emblica. The aims of this study were to determine the proximate composition and evaluate microbial load, and sensory characteristics of instant holat spice. There were 12 treatments, namely the combination of different amounts of bark (15 g, 25 g, 35 g, 45 g) and drying time (20 h, 22 h, 24 h). The proximate composition (moisture, ash, protein, fat, crude fiber, fat, and total carbohydrate content), microbial analysis (total plate count; yeast and mold count), and sensory characteristics (aroma, color, taste, and overall acceptability) were carried out. The results showed that water, protein, fat, crude fiber, and total carbohydrates contents were all significantly different (p < 0.05), except ash content. There was no yeast, mold, and bacterial growth on total plate count. There were no significant differences in all sensory characteristics (aroma, color, taste, and overall acceptability) of instant holat before and after brewing (p ? 0.05). The treatment of F4-24 was the best formula and has the highest score that might be developed as a product of instant holat spice. Further study should be conducted to determine the effect by increasing the amount of bark and evaluating its bioactivity.

Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) flowers are well known for their antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, however, the active compounds are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to conduct GC-MS-based metabolite profiling of torch ginger flower and identify compounds correlated with its S. aureus antibacterial activity using Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structure (OPLS). Using the well diffusion method, the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract, hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions with a concentration of 80 mg/mL were investigated. The ethyl acetate fraction inhibited S. aureus growth the most (diameter of inhibition zone, DIZ 13.00–13.20 mm), while the hexane (DIZ 9.55–10.05 mm) and chloroform (DIZ 10.00–11.00 mm) fractions had moderate inhibitory activity, but the ethanol extract had no antibacterial effect. Using OPLS analysis, the GC-MS metabolite profile of all extracts and fractions was linked with the profile of antibacterial activity. This analysis revealed that Dodecanoic acid, 5-Tetradecene, and n-Hexadecanoic acid were identified as the compounds that were significantly connected with antibacterial activity.

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ABSTRAKKecombrang (Etlingera elatior) dikenal sebagai tanaman herbal di Indonesia yang umumnya digunakan untuk obat tradisional dan pemberi aroma pada masakan daerah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi waktu retensi yang merupakan komponen antibakteri Stapylococcus aureus yang berasal dari ekstrak bunga kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) dengan menggunakan metode metabolomik berbasis HPLC. Aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol, fraksi kloroform, dan fraksi air telah diuji dengan metode difusi sumur terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus. Hanya pada fraksi kloroform yang menunjukkan adanya penghambatan terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus. Profil kimia dari fraksi yang dianalisis dengan HPLC telah dikorelasikan dengan profil aktivitas antibakteri dengan menggunakan analisis Orthogonal Projection to Latent Sructure (OPLS). Area puncak pada waktu retensi 0,96 -1,12 menit dari fraksi kloroform pada panjang gelombang 250 nm ditemukan berkorelasi signifikan dengan aktivitas antibakteri (nilai Y related coefficient sebesar 0,73).Kata kunci: antibakteri, kecombrang (Etlingera elatior), metabolomik, Staphylococcus aureus. ABSTRACTKecombrang (Etlingera elatior) is a well-known herb in Indonesia that is widely used in traditional medicine and as a flavour in local dishes. The aim of this study was to identify retention time of antibacterial components from kecombrang flower extract (Etlingera elatior) by HPLC-based metabolomics method. The antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts, chloroform, and water fractions was assessed by well-diffusion agar method against Staphylococcus aureus. Only chloroform fraction showed medium inhibition activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The HPLC chemical profiles of the fractions were then correlated to their antibacterial activity profile by means of Orthogonal